Raising interest rates is an important measure in the economic and financial fields.Simply put, raising interest rates means that the central bank raises the benchmark interest rate, which makes the borrowing cost rise.

Raising interest rates has many effects on the economy. First of all, in terms of consumption, due to the increase in borrowing costs, consumers may reduce large-scale consumption, such as buying houses and cars, which will curb consumer demand to some extent.

In the investment field, raising interest rates will increase the financing cost of enterprises, which may reduce the investment projects of enterprises, especially those industries that are sensitive to the cost of capital.

For the real estate market, raising interest rates usually leads to an increase in mortgage interest rates, which increases the repayment burden of buyers, thus curbing the demand for home purchases and may lead to the adjustment of house prices.

In terms of savings, raising interest rates will increase the income of savings, which may attract more people to choose savings instead of venture capital.

The impact of raising interest rates on financial markets is also quite significant. In the stock market, due to the rising cost of enterprises, profits may be compressed, and the valuation of stocks may decline, resulting in poor overall performance of the stock market.

In the bond market, the interest rate of newly issued bonds will rise, resulting in a decline in the price of issued bonds.

In the foreign exchange market, raising interest rates usually makes the domestic currency appreciate, because higher interest rates will attract more foreign capital inflows.

Here is a table to show more clearly the impact of interest rate hikes on different aspects:

It should be noted that the impact of interest rate increase is not absolute and isolated, but also affected by a variety of other factors, such as the overall economic situation, policy consistency, market expectations and so on.

In a word, raising interest rates is one of the important means for the central bank to regulate the economic and financial markets, and its influence is extensive and complex, which needs to be analyzed and judged by considering various factors comprehensively.

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　　Xinhua News Agency, Beijing, June 14th Comprehensive Xinhua News Agency reporters abroad reported that two oil tankers were attacked and exploded in the Gulf of Oman on the 13th, and a fire broke out on board. The truth about this incident is confusing. The United States accuses Iran of creating this attack, and Iran’s refutation of the American accusation is groundless. The United Nations and some countries have warned that the world cannot afford serious confrontation in the Gulf region and called on all parties concerned to make efforts to ease the situation.

　　US Secretary of State Pompeo told reporters in the State Council on the 13th that the US government has assessed that Iran should be responsible for the attacks on two oil tankers. The US made this judgment based on factors such as "the intelligence obtained by the US, the weapons used in the attack, the professional skills needed to launch the attack, and the recent similar attacks by Iran on shipping". However, Pompeo did not provide concrete evidence to support his assertion.

　　Iranian Foreign Minister Zarif issued a message on social media Twitter on the 14th, saying that the US accusation against Iran is groundless and its purpose is to discredit Iran. "The United States immediately came to the conclusion that it accused Iran (causing trouble) without facts or tangible evidence", which is "‘ Defamation diplomacy ’ The intention is to cover up their attack on Iran through economic terrorism. "

　　UN Secretary-General Guterres strongly condemned the oil tanker attack in the Gulf of Oman. Speaking at the public meeting of "Cooperation between the United Nations and regional and sub-regional organizations: League of Arab States" held by the UN Security Council on the 13th, he said: "I strongly condemn any attack on civilian ships, and we must find out the facts and clarify the responsibilities." He said that the world cannot afford serious confrontation in the Gulf region.

　　The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Qatar issued a statement on the evening of 13th, condemning the oil tanker attack in the Gulf of Oman. The statement warned that this incident will damage the security of the Gulf and even the Middle East, and seriously threaten the security of international trade. The statement called on all parties to exercise restraint and conduct an international emergency investigation as soon as possible to find out the truth of the incident.

　　Anwar Gargia, Minister of State for Foreign Affairs of the United Arab Emirates, posted on social media on 14th that the oil tanker attack in the Gulf of Oman worried all parties and was a "dangerous escalation" of the current security situation in the Gulf. He called on all parties concerned to show their wisdom in dealing with the crisis, shoulder common responsibilities and avoid further deterioration and escalation of tensions.

　　German Foreign Minister Maas told reporters on the 13th that this incident is very worrying. The current situation in the Gulf region is already very tense, and the incident may lead to an escalation of tension in the region. He called on all parties concerned to contribute to easing the situation.

　　Awad, former chairman of Oman Journalists Association, said in an interview that the oil tanker attack in the Gulf of Oman will put the relationship between the United States and Iran in a more dangerous state, which will not only damage the security and stability of the Gulf region, but also have a negative impact on global economic development.

　　Hani, an associate professor of political science at Qaboos University in Oman, said that although no one has claimed responsibility for the incident, it is certain that an invisible hand is manipulating the incident with the aim of deliberately creating regional tensions and undermining regional security. (Participating in reporters: Ma Xiao, Mu Dong, Liu Chen, Xu Xiaolei, Ren Ke, Bird, Yang Yuanyong, Su Xiaopo)

Cctv newsAccording to the news of official website, China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission, on February 11th, the Banking Insurance Regulatory Commission of China and the People’s Bank of China formulated the Measures for the Risk Classification of Financial Assets of Commercial Banks, which was reviewed and adopted by the first committee meeting of the Banking Insurance Regulatory Commission of China in 2020 on March 17th, 2020. It is hereby promulgated and shall come into force on July 1st, 2023.

Measures for risk classification of financial assets of commercial banks

Chapter I General Principles

Article 1 In order to promote commercial banks to accurately assess credit risks and truly reflect the quality of financial assets, these Measures are formulated in accordance with the Banking Supervision Law of the People’s Republic of China, People’s Republic of China (PRC) Commercial Bank Law and other laws and regulations.

Article 2 These Measures shall apply to commercial banks established in People’s Republic of China (PRC) according to law.

Article 3 Commercial banks shall classify the financial assets that bear credit risks on their balance sheets, including but not limited to loans, bonds and other investments, interbank assets, receivables, etc. If credit risk is assumed in off-balance-sheet items, risk classification shall be carried out according to the relevant requirements of on-balance-sheet assets.

Financial assets under the trading books of commercial banks and related assets formed by derivative transactions are not included in these Measures.

Article 4 The term "risk classification" as mentioned in these Measures refers to the behavior of commercial banks to classify financial assets into different grades according to the degree of risk.

Article 5 Commercial banks shall classify risks according to the following principles:

(1) The principle of authenticity. Risk classification should truly and accurately reflect the risk level of financial assets.

(2) The principle of timeliness. Adjust the classification results in a timely and dynamic manner according to the debtor’s performance ability and the risk changes of financial assets.

(3) The principle of prudence. If the risk classification of financial assets is uncertain, the classification level should be determined from low.

(4) the principle of independence. The risk classification of financial assets depends on the independent judgment of commercial banks under the premise of complying with laws and regulations.

Chapter II Risk Classification

Article 6 Financial assets are divided into five categories according to the degree of risk, namely normal category, concern category, secondary category, doubtful category and loss category, and the latter three categories are collectively called non-performing assets.

(1) Normal category: the debtor can perform the contract, and there is no objective evidence that the principal, interest or income cannot be paid in full and on time.　

(II) Concern category: Although there are some factors that may adversely affect the performance of the contract, the debtor is currently able to repay the principal, interest or income.

(3) Sub-category: the debtor is unable to pay the principal, interest or income in full, or the financial assets have suffered credit impairment.

(4) Suspicious category: the debtor has been unable to fully repay the principal, interest or income, and the financial assets have suffered significant credit impairment.

(5) Loss category: After taking all possible measures, only a small part of financial assets can be recovered, or all financial assets can be lost.

The credit impairment of financial assets mentioned in the preceding paragraph means that according to the Accounting Standards for Business Enterprises No.22 — — Recognition and Measurement of Financial Instruments (Cai Shui [2017] No.7) Article 40, the valuation of financial assets is adjusted downward due to the deterioration of the debtor’s credit status.

Article 7 When a commercial bank classifies the risks of non-retail assets, it should strengthen the analysis of the debtor’s first repayment source, focus on evaluating the debtor’s performance ability, focus on the debtor’s financial status, repayment willingness and repayment record, and consider the overdue days of financial assets, guarantee and other factors. If the debtor is a member of an enterprise group, the classification of its debts as non-performing does not necessarily lead to the classification of other members as non-performing. However, commercial banks should start the evaluation procedure in time, carefully evaluate the influence of this member on other members, and decide whether to adjust the risk classification of the creditor’s rights of other members according to the evaluation results.

If more than 10% of the creditor’s rights of a commercial bank to a non-retail debtor in the bank are classified as bad, all the creditor’s rights of the debtor in the bank shall be classified as bad. Except for the credit enhancement method approved by the financial management department of the State Council.

Article 8 When a commercial bank classifies retail assets, it may, on the basis of carefully evaluating the debtor’s performance ability and willingness to pay, classify individual assets one by one according to the transaction characteristics, guarantee situation, loss degree and other factors.

Retail assets include personal loans, credit card loans and claims of small and micro enterprises. Among them, personal loans, credit card loans, and small and micro enterprise loans can be classified by the off-date method.

Article 9 The same creditor’s right shall not be divided and classified, except under the circumstances stipulated in Article 16 of these Measures.

Article 10 A commercial bank shall at least classify financial assets that meet one of the following conditions as concerns:

(a) the principal, interest or income is overdue, except for short-term overdue caused by operational or technical reasons (within 7 days);

(2) changing the use of funds without the consent of the commercial bank;

(3) Repaying by borrowing new loans or by other debt financing methods, except bonds and qualified small and micro enterprises’ loan renewal business;

(4) The debts of the same non-retail debtor in the Bank or other banks are bad.

Article 11 A commercial bank shall at least classify financial assets that meet one of the following conditions as sub-categories:

(a) the principal, interest or income is overdue for more than 90 days;

(2) The financial assets have suffered credit impairment;

(3) The external rating of the debtor or financial assets is greatly lowered, resulting in a significant decline in the debtor’s performance ability;

(4) Among the debts of all banks of the same non-retail debtor, the debts overdue for more than 90 days have exceeded 20%.

Article 12 A commercial bank shall at least classify financial assets that meet one of the following conditions as suspicious:

(a) the principal, interest or income is overdue for more than 270 days;

(2) The debtor evades bank debts;

(3) The financial asset has suffered credit impairment, and the expected credit loss accounts for more than 50% of its book balance.

Article 13 A commercial bank shall classify financial assets that meet one of the following conditions as losses:

(a) the principal, interest or income is overdue for more than 360 days;

(2) The debtor has entered the bankruptcy liquidation procedure;

(3) The financial asset has suffered credit impairment, and the expected credit loss accounts for more than 90% of its book balance.

Article 14 When a commercial bank upgrades its non-performing assets to normal or concern category, it shall conform to the definition of normal or concern category and meet the following requirements at the same time:

(1) All overdue creditor’s rights and related expenses have been paid, and they have been paid normally for at least two consecutive repayment periods or six months (whichever is longer);

(2) After assessment, it is considered that the debtor can continue to perform the contract normally in the future;

(3) The debtor has no financial assets with credit impairment in the Bank.

Among them, personal loans, credit card loans and small and micro enterprise loans can be raised according to the requirements of the delinquent method.

Article 15 If the debt repayment subject changes due to mergers and acquisitions, the risk classification of related financial assets of the acquirer and the acquired party shall not be raised within 6 months, and the non-performing financial assets shall not be included in the index calculation of relevant clauses such as Article 7, Article 10 (4) and Article 11 (4).

After six months, commercial banks should re-evaluate the risk status of debtors and classify all their claims. If the non-performing assets are upgraded to normal or concerned categories, the relevant requirements of Article 14 shall be met.

Article 16 When a commercial bank classifies the risks of the invested asset management products or asset securitization products, it should penetrate into the underlying assets and classify the risks according to the risk status of the underlying assets. For products that cannot completely penetrate into the underlying assets, the product risk classification should be determined according to the assets with the worst risk classification among the penetrable underlying assets.

For credit asset securitization products based on retail assets and non-performing assets, layered credit asset securitization products and other products recognized by China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission, commercial banks should classify the risks of products according to the expected profit and loss of investment on the basis of comprehensive assessment of the risk status of the final debtor and the characteristics of structured products.

Chapter III Risk Classification of Restructured Assets

Article 17 Restructured assets refer to financial assets that are made by commercial banks to facilitate the debtor’s adjustment of debt contracts or provide refinancing for the debtor’s existing debts due to the debtor’s financial difficulties, including borrowing new ones to repay the old ones and financing new debts.

The existing contract gives the debtor the right to change the terms or refinance independently, and if the debtor exercises this right due to financial difficulties, the relevant assets also belong to reorganization assets.

Article 18 The financial difficulties of the debtor include the following situations:

(1) The principal, interest or income are overdue;

(2) Although the principal, interest or income are not overdue, but the debtor’s debt paying ability declines, the estimated cash flow is insufficient to perform the contract, and the debt may be overdue;

(3) The debtor’s debts have been classified as bad;

(4) The debtor is unable to raise funds at fair market prices in other banks;

(5) The securities publicly issued by the debtor have the risk of delisting, or are in the process of delisting, or have been delisted, and have a significant adverse impact on the debtor’s performance ability;

(6) Other circumstances identified by the commercial bank.

Article 19 Contract adjustment includes the following situations:

(1) Extension;

(2) A grace repayment plan for principal and interest;

(3) Adding or extending the grace period;

(4) interest is converted into principal;

(5) Reducing the interest rate so that the debtor can obtain a more favorable interest rate than the fair interest rate;

(6) allowing the debtor to reduce the repayment of principal, interest or related expenses;

(7) Release part of the collateral, or replace the existing collateral with the collateral with poor quality;

(8) replacement;

(nine) other measures to relax the terms of the contract.

Article 20 A commercial bank shall set a reorganization observation period for the restructured assets. The observation period shall be calculated from the first repayment date agreed upon after the adjustment of the contract, and shall include at least two consecutive repayment periods, and shall not be less than one year. At the end of the observation period, if the debtor has solved the financial difficulties and repaid in full and on time according to the contract during the observation period, the relevant assets may no longer be recognized as reorganization assets.

If the debtor fails to solve the financial difficulties at the end of the observation period, the observation period shall be recalculated. If the debtor fails to repay the loan in full and on time during the observation period, the observation period shall be recalculated from the point of non-performance.

Article 21 Commercial banks should accurately judge the financial difficulties of debtors and classify them in strict accordance with these Measures. Assets that were normal or concerned before reorganization, as well as refinancing of existing debts, should be at least classified as concerned after reorganization; Those who meet the criteria for determining non-performing assets during the observation period should be downgraded to non-performing assets and the observation period should be recalculated; If it meets the requirements of Article 14 after being identified as non-performing assets during the observation period, it can be upgraded to the category of concern.

Before the reorganization, it was a sub-category, a suspicious category or a loss category, and if it meets the requirements of Article 14 during the observation period, it can be upgraded to a concern category; If the asset quality continues to deteriorate during the observation period, the classification should be further lowered and the observation period should be recalculated.

Article 22 During the observation period of reorganization, if the debtor fails to repay in full and on time as agreed in the contract, or if the financial situation has not improved despite the full repayment, the assets reorganized again shall be at least classified as sub-category, and the observation period shall be recalculated.

Article 23 Financial assets or refinancing made by a commercial bank on a debt contract are not reorganization assets when the debtor is not in financial difficulties.

Chapter IV Risk Classification Management

Article 24 These Measures are the minimum requirements for risk classification of financial assets. Commercial banks should improve the classification system and refine the classification methods according to the actual situation, but they shall not be lower than the standards and requirements set forth in these Measures, and have a clear correspondence and conversion relationship with the risk classification methods in these Measures. Commercial banks shall, within 30 days after formulating or revising the risk classification system of financial assets, report to China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission and its dispatched offices for the record.

Article 25 Commercial banks should improve the governance structure of risk classification management of financial assets, and clarify the risk classification responsibilities of the board of directors, senior management and relevant departments.

Article 26 The board of directors shall bear the ultimate responsibility for the risk classification results of financial assets and supervise the senior management to perform the risk classification duties.

Article 27 The senior management shall formulate a risk classification system for financial assets, promote the implementation of risk classification, ensure that the classification results are true and effective, and report to the board of directors regularly.

Article 28 The contents of the risk classification management system of financial assets include but are not limited to classification flow, division of responsibilities, classification standards, classification methods, internal audit, risk monitoring, statistical reports and information disclosure.

Article 29 A commercial bank shall make clear the risk classification methods of various financial assets according to the information such as the types of financial assets, counterparty types, product structure characteristics, historical default and the characteristics of its asset portfolio. Once the classification method is determined, it should remain relatively stable.

Article 30 Commercial banks should improve the risk classification process of financial assets, clarify the three-level procedures of "initial classification, identification and approval", strengthen the management requirements of each link, establish an effective balance mechanism, and ensure the independence of the classification process and the accuracy and objectivity of the classification results.

Article 31 A commercial bank shall classify the risks of all financial assets at least once every quarter. If the debtor’s financial situation or factors affecting debt repayment have changed significantly, the risk classification should be adjusted in time.

Article 32 A commercial bank shall conduct an internal audit on the risk classification system, procedures and implementation at least once a year, and the audit results shall be reported in writing to the board of directors in time and submitted to China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission and its dispatched offices.

Article 33 Commercial banks should develop and continuously improve information systems related to financial asset risk classification to meet the requirements of risk management and prudential supervision.

Article 34 Commercial banks should strengthen the monitoring, analysis and early warning of financial asset risks, dynamically monitor the risk distribution and risk changes, deeply analyze the risk sources and migration trends, and take preventive measures in time according to the risk status.

Article 35 A commercial bank shall disclose the risk classification methods, procedures and results of financial assets, as well as information such as loss provision and loss write-off in a timely manner in accordance with the relevant information disclosure provisions.

Article 36 Commercial banks should continuously strengthen the management of risk classification files of financial assets to ensure the accuracy, continuity and completeness of classified information.

Chapter V Supervision and Administration

Article 37 China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission and its dispatched offices shall supervise and inspect the risk classification of financial assets of commercial banks in accordance with the provisions of these Measures, and take corresponding regulatory measures.

Article 38 Commercial banks shall submit statistical statements and analysis reports related to the risk classification of financial assets to China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission and its dispatched offices in accordance with regulations.

Commercial banks should report the classified management of financial assets risk in the previous year to China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission and its dispatched offices within 30 working days at the beginning of each year.

Article 39 A commercial bank shall promptly report to China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission and its dispatched offices the major issues related to the risk classification of financial assets.

Article 40 China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission and its dispatched offices shall regularly or irregularly evaluate the risk classification management status and effect of financial assets of commercial banks. At the same time, the evaluation opinions will be fed back to the board of directors and senior management of commercial banks, and the evaluation results will be used as an important reference for regulatory rating.

Article 41 If a commercial bank violates the regulatory requirements for risk classification, China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission and its dispatched offices may take the following measures:

(1) Prudent talks with the board of directors and senior management of commercial banks;

(2) Issuing supervision opinions, including the problems existing in the risk classification management of financial assets of commercial banks, rectification opinions within a time limit and the corrective measures to be taken;

(3) Require commercial banks to strengthen the risk classification management of financial assets, formulate feasible rectification plans, and report them to China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission and its dispatched offices for the record;

(four) according to the degree of violation of its provisions and regulatory capital requirements;

(5) Ordering commercial banks to take effective measures to mitigate the risks of financial assets.

Article 42 Where a commercial bank violates the regulatory requirements stipulated in these Measures, China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission and its dispatched offices may take regulatory measures or impose administrative penalties in accordance with the Banking Supervision Law of the People’s Republic of China and other laws and regulations in addition to the measures stipulated in Article 41 of these Measures.

Chapter VI Supplementary Provisions

Article 43 For commercial banks that have implemented the advanced capital measurement method, the stable correspondence between the risk classification standard and the definition of default in the internal evaluation system should be made clear.

Article 44 A commercial bank may determine the risk classification of credit card loans and eligible small and micro enterprises’ loan renewal businesses in accordance with relevant regulations.

Where there are other provisions on risk classification of financial assets in China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission, such provisions shall apply.

Article 45 The State Development Bank, policy banks, rural cooperative banks, rural banks, rural credit cooperatives and branches of foreign banks, and other banking financial institutions supervised by China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission and its dispatched institutions shall be implemented with reference to these Measures. Where there are other provisions, those provisions shall prevail.

Forty-sixth approach by the China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission in conjunction with the people’s Bank of China is responsible for the interpretation of.

Article 47 These Measures shall come into force as of July 1, 2023.

Article 48 The new business of commercial banks since July 1, 2023 shall be classified according to the requirements of these Measures. For businesses that occurred before July 1, 2023, commercial banks should formulate a reclassification plan, and before December 31, 2025, all existing businesses should be reclassified in a quarterly and step-by-step manner according to the requirements of these Measures. Encourage qualified commercial banks to complete the reclassification of stock business ahead of schedule. During the transition period, the stock businesses that have not been reclassified in accordance with these Measures shall be classified in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Guidelines on Loan Risk Classification (No.54 [2007] of the Banking Regulatory Commission).

On August 17th, 2022, the Second Yangtze River Delta Urban Digital Transformation and Innovation Forum was successfully held under the guidance of Shanghai Economic and Information Technology Commission, sponsored by the Yangtze River Delta Industry and Information Technology Development Research Alliance (the Yangtze River Delta Branch of the Industry and Information Technology Think Tank Alliance), co-organized by China Unicom (Shanghai) Industrial Internet Co., Ltd. and hosted by Shanghai Economic and Information Technology Development Research Center.

The theme of this forum is "Urban Digitalization-Assisted Integration", which combines the competent authorities of Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shanghai and Anhui governments, industry experts and scholars, and digital construction benchmarking enterprises, from the interpretation of government macro-policies, the consultation suggestions of the Tenth Five-Year Plan to the successful implementation cases of digital cities; From the big data, meta-universe, artificial intelligence, digital twins and other new generation digital technology innovations applied to the "urban digital transformation" construction and other directions, we will give lectures, discuss exchanges, ask questions about difficulties, and meet needs. It aims to aim at the characteristics and trends of future digital cities, continuously promote and promote the coordination of industrial economy, the integration of social life, and the fine and standardized urban governance, and promote the construction of smart urban agglomerations in the Yangtze River Delta and the integration and high-quality development of the Yangtze River Delta.

Meeting site

Zhang Zhengqing, deputy general manager of China Unicom (Shanghai) Industrial Internet Co., Ltd. and vice president of China Unicom (Shanghai) Industrial Internet Research Institute, delivered a keynote speech on "Digitally Empowering the New Development of the Yangtze River Delta Demonstration Zone" at the meeting, introducing China Unicom’s technological innovation and practical application in building a digital Yangtze River Delta. He said that China Unicom will focus on the digital economy, strengthen the leading role of information technology innovation, accelerate the construction of new information infrastructure, create a pioneering zone for digital transformation and development, and provide new kinetic energy for the development of regional digital economy. As an operator, China Unicom will focus on five main businesses, and join hands with industry ecological partners in a more open, intelligent and innovative manner to contribute its due strength to the digital transformation in the Yangtze River Delta region.

 Zhang Zhengqing, deputy general manager of Unicom (Shanghai) Industrial Internet Co., Ltd. and vice president of Unicom (Shanghai) Industrial Internet Research Institute, delivered a keynote speech.

Sun Shengting, deputy general manager of China Unicom (Shanghai) Industrial Internet Co., Ltd., delivered a keynote speech on "Global Perception of Internet of Things, Helping Urban Digital Transformation, Intelligent Change and Upgrade", introducing Shanghai Unicom’s "big connection" capability, 5G private network capability and metro Internet of Things perception cloud platform, and sharing China Unicom’s practice and achievements in urban digital transformation. In the future, China Unicom will make use of its extensive and stable network and efficient operation capability to establish mutually beneficial and win-win cooperation relations with its partners, jointly develop ecological and business systems, realize the dual drive of capacity building and industry ecology, and promote digital transformation and development.

Sun Shengting, Deputy General Manager of China Unicom (Shanghai) Industrial Internet Co., Ltd. delivered a keynote speech.

Sun Shengting, deputy general manager of China Unicom (Shanghai) Industrial Internet Co., Ltd. participated in the round-table forum, and discussed with the guests the difficulties, hot spots and solutions in the process of digital transformation and smart city construction and implementation of digital technology in the Yangtze River Delta. It is pointed out that in the process of building a smart city, it is difficult for a single technology to carry the task of digital transformation. We need to integrate computing power, cloud, Internet of Things, big data, artificial intelligence, blockchain and other technologies to improve the digital base capacity of the city, carry out digital governance, provide digital services and realize digital operation. Among them, computing power is the key development field in the future. Based on the efficient scheduling of computing power network, it adapts to massive data fusion processing to provide more efficient computing power services and better empower the digital transformation of government, enterprises, people’s livelihood and other fields. In addition, in the process of city-oriented digitalization, a small number of data samples are difficult to support the volume of a digital city, and massive data collection is needed. Based on Unicom network, Internet of Things connection and equipment management capabilities, an integrated solution of Internet of Things+Digital Connection+Zhilian is created to realize standardized access, aggregation and unified management of urban mass sensing terminals, and work together with ecological partners to accelerate the digital transformation of urban cities.

Sun Shengting, deputy general manager of China Unicom (Shanghai) Industrial Internet Co., Ltd. made a round-table speech.

At the same time, the forum held an award ceremony for the 2021 smart city construction selection in the Yangtze River Delta, and Unicom (Shanghai) Industrial Internet Co., Ltd. won the "Excellent Organization Award", "Outstanding Contribution Award" and "Typical Case Award".

"Excellent Organization Award" for Smart City Construction in Yangtze River Delta in 2021

"Outstanding Contribution Award" for Smart City Construction in Yangtze River Delta in 2021

 "Typical Case Award" for Smart City Construction in Yangtze River Delta in 2021

Unicom (Shanghai) Industrial Internet Co., Ltd. will give full play to Unicom’s advantages in resources and technology, as always, actively explore and innovate, deepen the key areas of digital transformation, build a solid foundation for the development of digital economy, and strive to be the national team for the operation and service of digital information infrastructure, the main force for the construction of a smart society in digital China, a network power, and the vanguard of digital technology integration and innovation, so as to contribute Unicom’s wisdom to promoting the digital transformation of cities in the Yangtze River Delta.

(Source: Unicom Shanghai Industrial Internet Company)

　　At the 2022 World Manufacturing Congress, Hefei Binhu International Convention and Exhibition Center in Anhui Province, new models of Chery and Jianghuai Automobile made their debut, and quantum enterprises such as Guoyi Quantum, Guo Dun Quantum and Benquan Quantum released new technologies and products … …

　　About 10% of the world’s notebook computers and 20% of LCD screens are produced in Anhui. About one in every three refrigerators, four washing machines and five air conditioners in China is "made in Anhui". In recent years, Anhui’s manufacturing industry has performed brilliantly.

　　In the past 10 years, the added value of industrial enterprises above designated size in Anhui Province has increased by 9.9% annually, ranking third in the country. In the past two years, the added value of Anhui’s manufacturing industry and digital economy has exceeded one trillion yuan and entered the first phalanx of the country.

　　Manufacturing is the foundation of a country and a strong country. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, Anhui has thoroughly implemented the spirit of the important instructions of the Supreme Leader General Secretary, taking making the real economy stronger and better as the main direction, grasping the transformation and upgrading of traditional industries on the one hand, and the development and growth of strategic emerging industries on the other, embarking on a high-quality development path of scientific and technological innovation to empower the manufacturing industry, and realizing the leap-forward development from a "traditional agricultural province" to a "emerging industrial province".

　　New track — —

　　Emerging industries are full of vitality and tenacity.

　　On the production line of Chuzhou Longji Le Ye Photovoltaic Technology Co., Ltd., pieces of photovoltaic modules are mass-produced and orderly. The company settled in Chuzhou City, Anhui Province in January 2018, and is now planning to expand its production capacity.

　　"This is the first photovoltaic leading enterprise to settle in Chuzhou." Yang Xiaosong, director of the Investment Cooperation Promotion Bureau of Chuzhou Economic and Technological Development Zone, said that there are nearly 50 photovoltaic equipment and components manufacturing enterprises in Chuzhou, with an annual output value of more than 40 billion yuan. Including photovoltaic industry, Chuzhou has formed eight emerging industries.

　　Chuzhou is a microcosm of the development of Anhui manufacturing industry. In recent years, Anhui has unswervingly taken the cultivation and expansion of emerging industries as the top priority in building a modern industrial system, implemented the actions of upgrading, expanding and increasing the efficiency of the secondary industry, and established the layout of ten emerging industries, including a new generation of information technology, intelligent networked vehicles, artificial intelligence, new energy and new materials.

　　New track, how to win?

　　Set up a special class to promote important industries. Each special class is headed by a provincial leader, that is, the "chain leader", and leading enterprises are invited to be the "chain owners". "Give full play to the role of combining the government with the effective market." Yan Hui, a staff member of the Business Environment Department of the General Office of the Anhui Provincial Government, introduced that "chain leaders" inspected the business environment, coordinated relevant factors, and guided "double recruitment and double introduction" (attracting investment and attracting talents); The "chain owners" assisted the government in compiling a panoramic view of the industrial chain, a "double-invitation and double-introduction" road map and construction drawings, and implementing accurate investment promotion.

　　Li Bin, CEO of Weilai Automobile, a new energy vehicle that entered Anhui first, persuaded Wang Chuanfu, chairman of BYD, to invest in Hefei. The project took 42 days from the signing to the start of construction, and only 10 months from the start of construction to the completion of the vehicle. BOE, the head enterprise of the display panel, hopes that its important supporting company, Pioneer Film, will set up a base in Hefei, and the leaders of the special class will invite it to Guangdong. Finally, the location of the pioneer film is only a few kilometers away from Hefei BOE.

　　"For the government" and "effective market" are also reflected in fund investment. A few days ago, the provincial finance funded the establishment of the provincial emerging industry guidance fund, with 16 parent funds in three fund groups. By leveraging social capital, a provincial emerging industry guidance fund system with a total scale of not less than 200 billion yuan was finally formed.

　　Optimize the business environment, change the investment model, and at the same time adopt the style of "leading+supporting" and "base+fund". In just a few years, Anhui has cultivated 14 industries with 100 billion yuan, 15 national new industrialization demonstration bases and 4 advanced manufacturing industrial clusters, and the toughness and stability of the industrial chain and supply chain have been forged, and a number of influential industrial landmarks have begun to appear.

　　Taking the new energy automobile industry as an example, Anhui has gathered 10 complete vehicle enterprises and 1,200 supporting enterprises, including Jianghuai, Chery, Weilai, Volkswagen and BYD. In 2021, the output of new energy vehicles exceeded 250,000, ranking fifth in the country. In the first half of this year, it reached 191,500 vehicles, a year-on-year increase of 142.7%.

　　From 2012 to 2021, the added value of high-tech manufacturing industry in Anhui increased by 14.7% annually, the output value of strategic emerging industries increased by 19.8% annually, and the contribution rate of high-tech manufacturing industry to the profit growth of industrial enterprises above designated size reached 61%. The modern industrial system is being accelerated.

　　New engine — —

　　Take innovation as the greatest motivation.

　　Entering Hefei Rongshida Electronic Appliance Group Intelligent Whole House Experience Life Museum, the lights are automatically lit and the air conditioner is turned on by itself; A "Hello, Xiao Da, play music", and a soothing melody immediately sounded … … "Intelligent, digital and networked, technological innovation has brought new impetus to the upgrading of the home appliance industry." Yang Qiwu, vice president of Rongshida Group, said.

　　Tongling Nonferrous Metals Group, which has been listed among the world’s top 500 enterprises for three consecutive years, has newly developed copper-based new material products, the thinnest of which is only 4.5 microns; Anhui Aode Mining Machinery and Equipment Science and Technology Co., Ltd., which was just rated as a "little giant" enterprise specializing in national specialties last year, can reduce sparks by more than 95% when working underground, and its service life is increased by 1.5 times … …

　　"Promoting the high-quality development of manufacturing industry depends on ‘ Quote ’ , also depends on ‘ Education ’ . Only by accelerating the transformation of scientific and technological achievements and strengthening the technological transformation of enterprises can we cultivate industries ‘ Root ’ The power of ‘ Long ’ A company that wins the future. " Sun Donghai, deputy secretary general of Anhui provincial government, said.

　　New engine, how to light it?

　　Scientific and technological innovation is a new driving force. Aerogel is called "the lightest solid material". Academician Xie Yi of China University of Science and Technology organized a team to tackle key problems and conducted thousands of experiments in 2014, and developed a new aerogel preparation technology, which entered the pilot experiment in 2018. Subject to the ownership of post-service scientific and technological achievements, this technical achievement, which fills the gap in China, was once blocked from production.

　　"If it weren’t for the empowerment reform of China University of Science and Technology, the industrialization of our achievements might take longer." Zheng Lei, general manager of Anhui Keang New Materials Technology Co., Ltd. lamented. Last December, the company was established. Recently, they are busy with a large number of aerogel orders.

　　A new innovation consortium came into being. At the end of 2021, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology approved the establishment of four national manufacturing innovation centers, two of which were in Anhui, and the National Intelligent Voice Innovation Center was one of them. Iflytek took the lead in uniting more than 10 upstream and downstream enterprises and research institutes of intelligent voice to form an innovative organization of "enterprise+alliance". Some alliance enterprises have reported that it is necessary to detect the health status of motor equipment from the sound when the equipment leaves the factory for quality inspection. Can manual work be replaced by intelligent methods to eliminate the risk of errors?

　　The research team of the Intelligent Voice Innovation Center "answered the question" and developed a set of industrial voiceprint quality inspection system. "If it is not an innovative consortium model, it is difficult for us to collect so many key common needs of the industry in a short time and concentrate on scientific research." Wu Zhaojiang, general manager of the center, said.

　　Taking innovation as the biggest driving force, Anhui constantly promotes original innovation, technological innovation and industrial innovation with institutional innovation, so that the tree of science and technology can bear the fruit of industry — —

　　Carry out scientific and technological research, the first batch of 76 key projects have been completed, and 8 technical products have broken foreign monopoly;

　　Building an industrial Internet platform, the province has cultivated 130 key industrial Internet platforms, of which the "Antelope" platform has accumulated 5,159 industrial apps and served more than 50,000 enterprises in the past year;

　　We will introduce policies to promote the development of small and medium-sized enterprises and the private economy, and cultivate "little giants", individual champions and "invisible champions" enterprises that specialize in novelty. By July this year, Anhui had cultivated 3,218 provincial-level specialized and innovative small and medium-sized enterprises, and strived for 477 national-level specialized and innovative "little giant" enterprises.

　　Innovation-driven development is the core of the manufacturing industry. Chen Jun, director of the Anhui Provincial Development and Reform Commission, said that Anhui has become an important gathering place for emerging industries, which cannot be separated from the simultaneous creation of "the source of scientific and technological innovation" and "the new highland of reform and opening up".

　　New pattern — —

　　Promote high-quality development in opening up.

　　On the afternoon of September 21st, a train from China and Europe slowly left the logistics base of Hefei North Station, loaded with goods such as household appliances, tires and industrial machinery and equipment, and headed for Uzbekistan thousands of miles away. This is also the 595th China-Europe train in Hefei this year.

　　Xin Jianmin, Commissioner of Hefei Customs, provided a set of data: in the first half of this year, the export of high-tech products in Anhui was 65.94 billion yuan, up by 22.1%, of which the export of notebook computers and solar cells increased by 26.7% and 68.7% respectively, and the export of automobiles and auto parts increased by more than 50%.

　　In 2019, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council issued the Outline of Regional Integration Development Plan for the Yangtze River Delta, which requires Anhui to give full play to its advantages such as active and strong innovation and distinctive manufacturing characteristics, and to build an influential source of scientific and technological innovation, a gathering place of emerging industries and a green development model area.

　　"This is a new requirement and a new opportunity." Niu Qiaotao, director of the Anhui Provincial Department of Economy and Information Technology, said, "We need to promote the quality change, efficiency change and power change of the manufacturing industry in a more open pattern to enhance the international competitiveness of the industry."

　　New pattern, how to layout?

　　Seize the opportunity of integrated development in the Yangtze River Delta and speed up the layout of advanced manufacturing industry in Anhui. Take the lead in establishing the Yangtze River Delta artificial intelligence industrial chain alliance, accelerate the construction of the Yangtze River Delta industrial Internet integration development demonstration zone, and do a good job in undertaking industries with Shanghai, Jiangsu and Zhejiang … … In 2021, Shanghai, Jiangsu and Zhejiang invested in 4,167 projects of over 100 million yuan under construction in Anhui, and the funds in place exceeded 900 billion yuan, accounting for nearly 60% of the number and amount of investment projects in Anhui outside the province.

　　Increase the intensity of open cooperation and speed up the pace of enterprises going to sea. On June 22 this year, the first body-in-white of Volkswagen (Anhui) Co., Ltd. rolled off the assembly line; Headquartered in Hefei, Guoxuan Hi-Tech Co., Ltd. set up a battery production and operation base in Gö ttingen, Germany on June 27th, and started the "Made in Europe" plan. By introducing and going abroad, "Made in Anhui" has continuously improved its quality and brand influence in the international cycle.

　　The World Manufacturing Conference held continuously since 2018 is not only an important exhibition window and cooperation platform for "Made in Anhui" at home and abroad, but also an important opportunity for Anhui to accelerate the transformation of manufacturing industry. At this year’s conference, 567 projects have been signed, with a total investment of 379.4 billion yuan, including 8 projects with more than 10 billion yuan and 15 projects with more than 5 billion yuan. At the same time, seven subordinate universities also signed an agreement with Anhui Province on the integration of production, education and finance.

　　Without the high-quality development of manufacturing industry, there will be no high-quality development of economy. The main responsible comrades of the Anhui Provincial Party Committee said that Anhui will firmly grasp the opportunity of the new round of scientific and technological and industrial revolution, seize the key of scientific and technological innovation, and accelerate the establishment of an important gathering place for emerging industries.

Under the ChatGPT craze, a new entrant has been added to the domestic artificial intelligence model.

On April 26th, Fourth Paradigm announced the launch of its GPT model product "Formula 3.0", and put forward AIGS strategy (AI-Generated Software) for the first time, that is, generative AI refactoring enterprise software. "Style Theory" will be positioned as a new development platform based on multi-modal large model, which will improve the experience and development efficiency of enterprise software and realize AIGS.

"C-end products have approached the upper limit of user experience, while enterprise-level software at B-end is often a very complicated execution system, and it is not too much to pile up more than a dozen layers of menus and thousands of functions." Dai Wenyuan, founder and CEO of the fourth paradigm, said, "At present, the extremely complex interactive experience of these B-side software and the extremely low development efficiency brought by complexity just leave enough room for reconstruction and transformation of generative AI."

Dai Wenyuan said, "In the past, it was difficult to call the functions of enterprise software through human language (natural language). Now, when we have stronger semantic understanding and generation capabilities, coupled with the ability of GPT task translation, task distribution and reasoning, we can call the functions through better’ dialog-style’ interaction, and we no longer need to find a function under a menu directory of more than ten levels."

"Shi Shuo 3.0" has the ability of writing, drawing and programming.

It is reported that "Expression 3.0" can handle queries and tasks in the form of video, image, voice, text, etc., and convert these information into instructions that can be read by user software. After the software outputs a response, the results can be displayed.

In order to express that "Style 3.0" is not an online call to ChatGPT, Dai Wenyuan asked the team to cut off the public network and visit the intranet cluster at the scene. Later, he demonstrated the ability of "Shi Shuo 3.0" big model to understand pictures, talk in multiple rounds, write novels and draw pictures quickly, and the ability to complete more complicated "packing" operations and write codes on the spot through reasoning ability. For example, if you ask "Do you have any recommended places to travel to Silicon Valley on May 1", you will feedback information about attractions such as Google and Stanford University.

In Dai Wenyuan’s view, to achieve AIGS, a big model does not necessarily need to be a generalist with extensive knowledge and a decathlon champion. What is more important is that the model has the ability of Copilot and CoT(chain of thoughts).

Dai Wenyuan, founder and CEO of the fourth paradigm

At the scene, the fourth paradigm also revealed the iterative process of "formula theory"-"formula theory 1.0" is the first generation product launched after the explosion of ChatGPT, which has the ability to generate language and solve the three major problems of content credibility, data security and cost in the application of GPT technology; On the basis of language ability, "Shi Shuo 2.0" adds multimodal input and output capabilities such as text, voice, image, table and video, and increases the Copilot capability of enterprises. In order to connect with the internal application library and private data of enterprises, analyze information and data, answer employees’ inquiries or perform related tasks, and become business assistants from knowledge assistants; On the basis of generative and language ability, "Formula 3.0" applies Copilot and COT (multi-step reasoning, complex task splitting and data flywheel) to transform traditional B-end enterprises.

"To transform enterprise software, the big model cannot only have language ability. Formula 2.0 adds multimodal and Copilot, because the data in many enterprise software is multimodal, and Copilot can translate human instructions into which API to call in the background. " In the previously released Demo of Formula 2.0, store employees issued instructions to Formula 2 through interactive means such as voice and text. After the formula was understood, the networked store monitoring software called out the pictures of the kitchen without a mask, and directly output the pictures to employees in the form of a dialog box.

It has been of great value for the big model to call the built-in functions and data of the software to complete the task in a "dialog box". However, employees will also face complex tasks when using enterprise software, requiring people to perform functions in sequence.

Therefore, Equation 3.0 emphasizes Copilot and thinking chain CoT, which has stronger reasoning ability. After learning a lot of data and strategies, it can form intermediate logical reasoning steps, so as to split and perform complex work.

According to public information, the fourth paradigm was established in 2014, mainly serving enterprises, focusing on the decision-making AI field and providing platform-centric AI solutions. At present, the company’s solutions have been applied to finance, retail, manufacturing, energy and electricity, telecommunications and medical industries. The latest prospectus shows that in 2022, the revenue of the fourth paradigm reached 3.083 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 52.7%.

The path of AIGS is divided into three stages.

"When BERT came out, the Paradigm Research Institute began to pay attention to and invest in this technical field. After GPT3 came out, it was more clear that it was going in this direction. However, compared with this year’s investment, there is definitely a gap in the past few years. ChatGPT’s greatest help to us is that the confidence of the whole market has been adjusted from 0 to 0, and the deterministic investment has been greater. Later, it will be pushed to the market by becoming a product and becoming a commercial route. " Dai Wenyuan revealed.

Compared with domestic big models, the fourth paradigm thinks that there will be more big models in China. The big model is a new productive force, and everyone has to have a big model as a base, so the threshold for entering the game is really getting higher. But after reaching this threshold, the focus is on how to choose the direction.

The fourth paradigm thinks that the greater opportunity lies in transforming the whole enterprise software industry, which is the direction of AIGS. The technical direction of the big model is that Copilot can be controlled (execution can be controlled, mistakes can be corrected) and COT (chain of ideas, multi-step reasoning, complex task splitting) can be used to form a data flywheel (for example, putting data and processes in a vertical field into a big model can soon form a thinking chain of the model in this field).

The fourth paradigm summarizes the path of AIGS into three stages: in the first stage, Copilot mobilizes different information, data and applications as assistants to complete users’ instructions. It is equivalent to having a commander in all enterprise software systems. The commander listens to the user’s instructions, such as "Brighten the photo by 20%".

In the second stage, Copilot+ is based on the "knowledge base" of enterprise rules, and AI can do complex work with reference to the rules, further enriching the ability of "dialog box". For example, after consulting the "portrait beautification" knowledge base, AI can perform the steps of retouching photos.

The third stage, Copilot+CoT (thinking chain). The use behavior of the software system will eventually be learned by the big model, forming AI’s thinking chain in this field, which means that AI can automatically complete the complex instruction of "processing photos better".

The AIGS strategy of the fourth paradigm refers to transforming enterprise software into a new interactive paradigm based on the Copilot+COT capability behind the formulaic model, and constantly learning the use process of software in the new interaction, forming a "thinking chain" of domain software.

At the release site of Formula 3.0, customer representatives from aviation manufacturing, finance, medical care and other industries attended and made live demo demonstrations of the products. In the actual scene demonstration of China’s aviation manufacturing representative enterprises, it and the fourth paradigm jointly transformed an industrial design software based on Copilot technology. In the actual scene demonstration of a medical industry, the "thinking chain" can clearly point out the specific steps of selling drugs.

The fourth paradigm shows that, finally, due to the emergence of new forms of interaction, the development efficiency of enterprise software becomes higher. In the past, functions and execution logic were arranged in the software interface. Every time a function was upgraded, it was necessary to go through prototype drawing, design, development, etc. in cycles, at least at the monthly level. Now, because the "dialog-style" interface is fixed, the function and logic are rewritten at the level of data, API and content, which has become a day-level development efficiency.

It is worth mentioning that, according to the fourth paradigm, in just two months, many enterprises and partners have carried out in-depth cooperation with the fourth paradigm in generative AI.

　　Xinhua News Agency, Beijing, December 10th (Reporter Huo Yao, Feng Guodong) Fried dough sticks are traditional breakfasts, which are deeply loved by the public, but the problem of adding alum has been criticized. Recently, the incident of "aluminum of fried dough sticks in online celebrity Store exceeded the standard by 9 times, and plasticizer was detected in McDonald’s fried dough sticks" caused widespread concern. The reporter found that although the country has already issued a "ban on aluminum", the old problem of "excessive aluminum content" in fried dough sticks still occurs from time to time.

　　Experts believe that the range of food additives containing aluminum should be further expanded and the use of aluminum in fried food should be restricted, so as to guide merchants to use aluminum-free baking powder when making fried dough sticks and really make consumers feel at ease.

　　Can the "assured fritters" claimed by the merchants actually be assured?

　　On December 4th, the Shanghai Consumer Protection Committee and the Shanghai Food and Drug Administration jointly released the Data Sheet on the Physical Examination of Fried Bread. The results showed that the fried dough sticks sold by many "assured" merchants who claimed that they had no alum fried dough sticks also contained aluminum. Among them, a shop named "Si donkey kong" found that the aluminum content of its fried dough sticks exceeded the standard by nearly 10 times (980 mg/kg), far exceeding the national standard. In the detection of plasticizer components, the crisp sesame oil strips sold by two McDonald’s detected plasticizer components, but the content did not exceed the standard.

　　"I saw that the shop I often went to was found to be unqualified, and I was suddenly embarrassed." Ms. Xiao from Shanghai told reporters that she chose to go to a brand store because she was not at ease with the fried fritters in a small workshop on the street. I didn’t expect there were problems. "When can the use of food additives be standardized?" Many consumers asked.

　　It is no small matter that the aluminum in fried dough sticks exceeds the standard. The medical community believes that aluminum is a chronic and accumulative neurotoxin. Excessive intake for a long time will damage the brain and nervous system, causing diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease, and it is called "intellectual killer".

　　In 2014, the National Standard for Food Safety and the Standard for the Use of Food Additives issued by the National Health and Family Planning Commission and the General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine clearly defined the aluminum content in food: alum is allowed to be used in fried noodle products (including fried dough sticks), but the residual aluminum (dry sample) in the final fried noodle products should not exceed 100 mg/kg.

　　Sun Hui, a researcher at the Scientific Research Institute of the State Grain Administration, said that the ban standard was already strict, and the residue limit of 100 mg/kg was easily exceeded. The actual meaning is that as long as the merchants add alum to the flour to improve the taste, the fried fritters will definitely exceed the aluminum standard.

　　However, the reporter found out that since the implementation of the "aluminum ban" for three years, the aluminum content in fried foods in the breakfast market still exceeds the standard.

　　"aluminum" is forbidden: a game between "taste" and "health"

　　In the face of a paper ban, why is aluminum exceeding the standard repeatedly banned? According to industry insiders, after adding aluminum-containing bulking agents such as "Alum", the fried dough sticks are more golden in color, better in appearance and crisper in taste.

　　In fact, at present, other food additives with the same function have replaced alum in the market, such as a new aluminum-free leavening agent for fried dough sticks. It is understood that Angel Yeast introduced aluminum-free leavening agent to replace alum in 2009, and the annual sales growth rate remained between 30% and 50%, reaching more than 5,000 tons at present. "The key to ensuring the taste is health." Yu Xuefeng, head of Angel Yeast, said.

　　However, the reporter found that there are still small pasta workshops that are reluctant to part with "Alum". At a breakfast place selling fried dough sticks near the tuanjie village vegetable market in Wuchang District, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, the stall owner said that although aluminum-free fried dough sticks are healthier, some old customers are not used to this taste, so they like crispy alum fried dough sticks.

　　The reporter visited several breakfast shops, and some shopkeepers revealed that the use of aluminum-containing baking powder can quickly foam, which saves the long time required for traditional fermentation and is more efficient. More importantly, the cost of aluminum-free baking powder is 3-4 times higher than that of aluminum-containing baking powder.

　　Wei Fenglu, executive director of the Fermented Pasta Branch of China Cereals and Oils Society, said that in terms of cost, the alum that small workshops like to use is indeed cheaper than the aluminum-free leavening agent, but in fact, the oil absorption rate of alum fritters is as high as 30% or more, which requires higher oil temperature. Therefore, the comprehensive cost of the two is basically the same.

　　Wei Fenglu believes that there are three main reasons for the current "aluminum" ban: First, customary factors. The use of alum in fried dough sticks is an "old tradition" handed down for many years. It is difficult to change the habit formed for a long time, so that many masters will not do it if they change the processing materials. The second is the taste factor. There are still many people who think that the brittleness of alum skin may be better, so they know that aluminum exceeds the standard, but they still use it; The third is the law enforcement factor. The law enforcement of food and drug supervision in cities is stricter than that in remote areas, and there is still room for improvement in the safety of pasta food in remote areas.

　　Experts call for abolishing the use of aluminum in fried food.

　　Experts interviewed believe that after the introduction of the "aluminum ban order" by the state, some additives have indeed been removed from the market or their application scope has been narrowed. Yu Xuefeng said: "In the past three years, the degree of social attention has been increasing, the public’s health concept has been slowly changing, and the production of pasta with sales volume has become more standardized than before."

　　However, experts believe that stricter standards should be adopted to restrict and further expand the range of food products that prohibit the use of aluminum-containing food additives.

　　Sun Hui believes that the "aluminum ban order" in 2014 prohibited the use of aluminum-containing additives such as alum in steamed bread, cakes and steamed buns, but did not completely cancel its use in fried foods, which opened a small hole for merchants and led to the simultaneous sale of aluminum-containing and aluminum-free additives in the market.

　　"Merchants are profit-seeking. As long as the state does not prohibit it, it is unrealistic for merchants to take the initiative to use aluminum-free baking powder." To this end, experts believe that the system standards should be tightened from the source, so that fritters can completely "say goodbye" to alum.

　　As breakfast shops and roadside stalls are the "hardest hit areas" where aluminum-containing food additives are used beyond the scope, in terms of supervision, experts call for strengthening inspections, not only increasing the number of random inspections, but also strengthening surprise "flying inspections" and severely punishing illegal additions and excessive use of aluminum-containing food additives found in supervision and inspection.

editorial comment/note

On August 30th, Ye Wenzhen, Vice President of the China Women’s Research Association, was invited to give a keynote speech entitled "Modern Marriage: The Secret of Happiness" in Hunan, and gave a simple explanation on topics such as "Influencing Factors of Marriage Happiness" and "Basic Strategies of Marriage Happiness".

From parents’ arranged marriage in those days to free love and marriage for feelings today, marriage, which is often an endogenous factor in the family, has undergone an increasingly remarkable self-change while serving the development of human society. On the emotional platform where autonomy and feelings are intertwined, from Qian Zhongshu’s "besieged city" to the writer’s "running-in", Yang Lan’s "management" and Xiaogang Feng’s "wrong marriage", to the TV series "Family with a Daughter" and the "room marriage" that recently made the divorce registration office of Shanghai civil affairs department crowded, the ancient marriage system has interpreted more and more colorful modern stories. Is modern marriage happy? What factors does the happiness of modern marriage depend on? Where is the road to the happiness of modern marriage? With these questions, let’s walk into modern marriage together.

What is marital happiness?

In the eyes of sociologists, marriage refers to a group that is determined by a certain culture and recognized by the society where it is located, and men and women combine to establish a husband-wife relationship to interact. Legal scholars give this group a clearer definition, that is, based on the combination of men and women, with the purpose of living together and the publicity of husband and wife identity. American scholar Andrew J. Cherlin believes that human marriage has gone through three historical stages: institutional marriage before 1850 to meet people’s most basic life and reproductive needs; From 1850 to 1965, the focus of people’s marriage gradually turned to intimacy and sexual needs, and both sides began to pay attention to love and companionship; In the self-expression marriage from 1965 to now, the parties need more and more space for self-expression in marriage, and feel respect, self-growth and realization of self-worth. The significance of marriage as a means exceeds its role as a system, and the freedom of personality and the possibility of choice are stronger. As for the evolution of marriage in Chinese since the founding of New China, the academic circles agree that it can be divided into two stages with 1978 as the boundary. They think that the changes in the first 30 years are slow, and significant changes have taken place only after the reform and opening up, which are mainly reflected in the fact that the conclusion of marriage has changed from arranged marriage to free marriage, the criteria for choosing a spouse and the basis of marriage have changed from paying attention to material conditions to giving consideration to love and material, the ethical concept of chastity has changed from one-stop to freedom of divorce and remarriage, and the status of husband and wife has changed from master-slave relationship to equal relationship, as well as the concept of blood and kinship.

The changing modern marriage is actually facing unprecedented challenges. First, the difficulty of compatibility among sex, love and marriage put forward by scholar Zhou Guoping, sex is a physical life and follows the principle of happiness; Love is a spiritual life and follows the ideal principle; Marriage is a social life and follows the principle of reality, which are three completely different things. The difficulty of marriage lies in how to unify the three in the same opposite sex, so as not to let the temptation and happiness that are used to paralysis and trivial reality damage the passion and ideal of love. Second, the pressure on marriage has become greater, and the marginal cost of operation has become higher and higher. With the substitution of many functions, the marginal income of marriage has become smaller and smaller. From the rational point of view of economics, modern marriage is an uneconomical choice. Third, there is less social support for marriage and more external temptations. If diseconomy is the internal thrust of marriage, then the change of external environment is a kind of pulling force, which directly threatens the sustainable development of modern marriage under the joint action of push and pull.

For Chinese, a happy marriage has always been an important source of happiness, and marital happiness has always been the core component of Chinese’s happiness. According to psychological understanding, marital happiness is a subjective feeling of people’s satisfaction with their married life, a psychological vision that they feel that their married life has great fun for a long time and naturally want to keep it for a long time, and a complacent state in which people’s various psychological desires are satisfied in their married life. In some sociological studies of marriage and family, marital happiness is usually an important subjective indicator of high-quality marriage. More specifically, marital happiness can be embodied in four aspects, namely, satisfaction with spouse’s performance, confidence in marriage relationship, positive investment in marriage, and optimism about marriage future. So, is the modern marriage facing many challenges happy?

Modern marital happiness index

To make a more objective evaluation of the happiness of modern marriage, we can directly ask the representative sample population through questionnaire survey, or indirectly measure the divorce rate.

According to the survey of Xiaokang magazine, during 2009-2010, 77.7% of Chinese residents felt happy in marriage, among which "post-80s" had the highest marital happiness, accounting for over 80%, while "post-80s" surpassed "post-70s" and "post-60s", and their age and marital happiness index. However, the marriage stability of "post-80s" is not high. This group of self-respecting only children has led the new trend of "high quality and low stability" in Chinese. In addition, men’s marital happiness is higher than women’s. Jiayuan, a dating website, believes that in marriage, women’s minds are more sensitive and delicate, and they tend to feel insecure. In addition, the probability of men’s infidelity is much higher than that of women’s, so women’s worries and confusions about marriage will be relatively more, which in turn reduces the score of marriage emotion index. The survey results of zhenai’s marital happiness index show that naked marriage is more optimistic about happiness than flash marriage and trial marriage, and nearly 60% of bachelors and 72% of single women think that men and women aged 3-10 have the highest happiness index.

Jiayuan and iResearch released the White Paper on National Marriage Emotion Index in 2015, which pointed out that even after entering the "seven-year itch", 83.5% people are still satisfied with their marriage. The higher the educational background, the higher the marital happiness index. However, family income is polarized with the marital emotion index, and the marital happiness of middle-income families is at the lowest level. In addition, there is a relationship between the marital sentiment index and the level of regional economic development. Second-tier cities are relatively developed and have less pressure on work and life than first-tier cities, so they are more likely to get marital satisfaction. In the ranking of provinces in China, Henan province has the highest marital emotion index.

However, from the reverse measurement of the statistical bulletin on the development of social services of the Ministry of Civil Affairs, the happiness of modern marriage is not stable or even declining, because the divorce rate in China has been rising continuously since the late 1970s, and the crude divorce rate has increased from 0.33‰ in 1979 to 2‰ in 2010, which is about six times higher. In 2012, the increase of divorce rate exceeded the marriage rate for the first time. In 2014, a total of 13.067 million couples were registered in accordance with the law, with a crude marriage rate of 9.6 ‰; 3.637 million couples were divorced, an increase of 3.9% over the same period, and the crude divorce rate was 2.7 ‰; The ratio of divorce to marriage is 3.6 for every average marriage, and there is one divorce, which is close to the European level.

Since the questionnaire survey excludes the divorced population, there is a certain degree of overestimation of the happiness of marriage, so judging from a comprehensive perspective, the happy modern marriage in China accounts for about 60~70%.

Restrictive factors of marital happiness

With the multiple transformation and changes of economy, society and culture, China’s marital problems are becoming more and more diversified. The factors such as geographical environment, family structure, gender relationship, professional income, educational background, age and even psychological quality all directly or indirectly affect China’s marital happiness.

The ten factors that affect the happiness of marriage revealed in the 2012 Chinese Happiness Report are: the feelings of husband and wife, the willingness and ability to communicate and understand, mutual loyalty, children, income, sex life, the relationship between mother-in-law and daughter-in-law, the relationship between the other party and his family, and the distribution of housing and housework.

Psychological research has found that the psychological obstacles that affect the happiness of marriage are mainly in two aspects. One is the unrealistic understanding of marriage, such as "the heart is in harmony", people can’t change, the relationship is good or bad, and sexual life must always be perfect and there should be no defects. The second is the psychological structural deviation of the parties themselves, such as self-centered psychology, perfectionism, conformity psychology and patriarchal psychology. Sociology pays more attention to the background conditions, mutual rights and interests, the relationship with parents before marriage, the state of parents’ marriage life and the influence of economic development, social transformation and cultural changes of the whole society on marriage happiness. For example, if the husband pays all his income to his wife, the husband and wife will have a higher sense of happiness; The more the husband and wife agree on expenses, the higher the happiness; The better the attitude of husband and wife towards their parents before marriage, the stronger their happiness after marriage; There is also a harmonious marriage between parents, and the marriage of children is more likely to gain more happiness.

In fact, the happiness of modern marriage mainly depends on the living and development environment outside the marriage and the self-improvement and spontaneous ability inside the marriage. The dual social and economic transformation and cultural diversity outside marriage, as well as the lack of pertinence of external support based on marriage consciousness, all lead to the lag of the construction of the external environment of marriage friendliness and support, which leads to the increase of individual marriage survival pressure and weak development, and then affects the feeling and satisfaction of sacredness, glory and happiness in marriage. However, the external influence is only the external cause, and what nature and how much role it plays in the end lies in the emotional foundation and post-marriage construction of the besieged city of marriage. In my opinion, these shortcomings in the internal construction of marriage are idle, wasted and even dried up the source of marital happiness to a certain extent. First, it is customary to enlarge the defects of the marriage system, attribute the lack of marriage to external forces, and dilute the sense of responsibility and creativity of the parties to the marriage; Second, in the family field, there is a lack of new ideas and ability to handle and coordinate marriage and intergenerational relations, and the phenomenon that intergenerational relations squeeze marriage is more common; Third, there is insufficient understanding and limited investment in the stimulation and renewal of love after marriage, which habitually gives way to family affection, and once and for all, family affection not only nourishes intergenerational relations but also supports the operation of marriage; Fourth, the weak sense of equality between men and women, limited comparative advantages and insufficient effective communication between husband and wife have also degraded the vitality and interest of marriage to some extent.

The road to a happy marriage.

Western scholars believe that in modern marriage, the input-output ratio has become very fair. If you want to be happy, you need to invest a lot of time and energy in each other and this relationship to make both sides feel satisfied in emotional, spiritual and material aspects. They also stressed that in order to get a happy marriage nowadays, people need to consider it from psychological perspective, romantic perspective and moral perspective. Among these three perspectives, only from the moral perspective, we still have a lot of room to make efforts to change, so that we can resist those selfish and evil parts in this relationship, support and promote each other and spend a happy life.

Therefore, the secret of modern marriage happiness lies in the treasure, persistence, investment, communication and cooperation within marriage.

First, marriage is the priority. Marriage is the steering wheel of the family car. If the marriage is unstable, the family will be out of order and cannot operate normally. Marriage is still a dynamic mechanism. If marriage fails, the family will be disabled and will stagnate. We should fully understand the family significance and function of marriage, and form a family culture in which everyone treats and maintains marriage, instead of continuing the tradition and squeezing marriage with the authority of the elderly; Don’t put children first, bind the marriage relationship with parent-child relationship, ensure the family space for the priority development of the marriage relationship, meet the resource needs for the healthy growth of the marriage relationship, especially change the investment mode of the marriage relationship, and change the repair after the marriage to the health care before the marriage.

Second, the convergence of value orientation, pay attention to the "suitable" values when choosing a spouse, keep the values changing synchronously after marriage, and make the changes of values in the same life cycle through conscious arrangement of married life, especially through learning exchange and joint participation in important activities, so as to seek more dynamic convergence. With the advancement of married life, it is normal for husband and wife to have different values. Don’t panic, and it is not appropriate to blame egoism. We should calmly analyze the causes, compare and choose the right ones, and reconstruct homogeneity.

Third, love and affection go hand in hand. We should remind each other not to replace love with affection, maintain the proper boundary between marriage and intergenerational relations, add poetry to marriage besides gratitude and responsibility, and live a marriage life with texture and beauty.

Fourth, the relationship between husband and wife is equal. It is necessary to establish the principle of equality and mutual respect in love and bring the concept of equality between men and women into the marriage relationship. In particular, the husband also needs to teach and instill gender awareness. His awareness and behavior of equal exchange of marriage are not consciously formed. Even with this equal awareness and action, it will change with the continuation of marriage.

Fifth, the release of comparative advantages, we should pay attention to cultivating the awareness of marriage efficiency, creating a marriage culture and mechanism that treats and gives full play to their comparative advantages, rationally allocating limited marriage resources, and pursuing the maximization of marriage benefits.

Sixthly, communication methods should be scientific. It is necessary to understand the marital significance of communication, strengthen communication awareness and cultivate communication skills, exchange and enrich communication experience, especially understand the gender differences in communication, advocate transposition, look back and share communication, and improve the interest and effect of communication.

In short, love is the source of marriage happiness, and love can warm the "besieged city" of marriage. The pursuit and creation of love, the cherish and protection of love, and the giving and sharing of love will make our marriage happy forever!(Ye Wenzhen, Vice President of China Women’s Research Association and Professor of Fujian Jiangxia College)

　　According to a number of foreign media reports, on May 15th, the US Embassy in Iraq issued a statement on its official website, saying that the State Council ordered all "non-essential" embassy and consulate staff to leave Iraq as soon as possible.

　　According to relevant personnel, on May 18th, the American energy giant ExxonMobil Company has withdrawn all its personnel from Iraq except Iraqi employees.

　　Iraq is in focus

　　Why did the United States evacuate people from Iraq urgently?

　　Some analysts believe that the United States is preparing for a possible military conflict. However, some voices also pointed out that the United States’ remarks about the existence of Iraq threatening its interests are just "excuses" found by the United States.

　　Earlier, US Secretary of State Pompeo made a surprise visit to Iraq. Intelligence obtained by the United States shows that Shiite militants supported by Iran have deployed rockets near the base where the US military is stationed.

　　In this regard, Iraq’s caliber is not consistent. According to reports from Reuters, Iraqi Prime Minister adil Abdul-Mahdi said that the Iraqi side was not aware of "any movement threatening any party".

　　"In Iraq, the United States and Iran each have significant interests and influences." Li Shaoxian, dean of China Institute of Arab Countries of Ningxia University, said in an interview with this newspaper that it is not surprising that Iraq has become the focus of confrontation between the United States and Iraq.

　　"Iraq has become an important party to solve the crisis from the crisis center." The Iraqi Morning Post quoted Mehdi as saying that Iraq will restore its influence and play a role in easing tensions in the region.

　　Take care of both sides.

　　"As an ally of Iran and the United States, it is difficult for Iraq to be caught in the middle." Reuters described the dilemma facing Iraq at present. Agence France-Presse compared Iraq to "an acrobat who performs complex skills", vividly outlining Iraq’s state of walking on thin ice.

　　Obviously, Iraq can’t provoke the United States. "To a certain extent, today’s Iraq was created by the United States." Li Shaoxian pointed out that since the end of the Iraq war, the United States has sent a large number of troops and security forces to Iraq and built several military bases.

　　On the other hand, Iraq cannot do without Iran. According to Agence France-Presse, as the second largest supplier of imported goods to Iraq, Iran exports many products to it. In this regard, Li Shaoxian analyzed: "There are Shiites as ties between Iran and Iraq, and Iraq is economically dependent on Iran. Although Iraq is rich in oil resources, it lacks electricity and natural gas, and a large part of its power supply comes from Iran. In addition, the daily necessities of the Iraqi people also need to be imported from Iran. "

　　"For Iraq, the United States and Iran are like two elephants, and Iraq is a meadow in the middle. Elephants fight, and the grass will suffer. " Li Shaoxian said.

　　The turmoil will continue.

　　According to the website of the US Capitol Hill, on May 16th, when President Trump met with Swiss Federal President maurer, he said that the United States did not want a war with Iran. The Islamic Republic News Agency also quoted Iranian Foreign Minister Jawad Zarif as saying: "There will be no war because none of us want war."

　　Although both sides expressed their hope to avoid war, the current situation is still unclear.

　　Foreign media said that on the Iran issue, the United States frequently sent out chaotic signals. According to the Associated Press reported on May 17, Trump’s recent speech contradicted a series of actions taken by the United States. The British "Times" published an article on the 18th, pointing out that the unstable attitude of the United States towards Iran may stem from the tension within the White House.

　　With the prolonged confrontation between the United States and Iran, Iran’s patience is gradually being worn away. According to Al Jazeera, Iranian President Rouhani’s "strategic patience" may begin to turn to "strategic confrontation".

　　At the same time, the attack on merchant ships in the Persian Gulf also added a fire to the escalating situation in the Middle East. Recently, four commercial ships were "destructively attacked" off the coast of the United Arab Emirates, including two Saudi oil tankers, and the Houthi armed forces supported by Iran became the target of accusations. "They must be hit hard," the Saudi state media "Arab News" bluntly said in an editorial.

　　In such a situation, Iraq can only try its best to ensure that both sides do not offend. Li Shaoxian pointed out that Iraq will continue to maintain economic exchanges with Iran while assuring the United States that its interests will not be infringed.

　　"At the beginning of May, the situation in the Middle East has been shrouded in the cloud of confrontation between the United States and Iraq." Li Shaoxian analyzed that a series of actions such as US military deployment and emergency evacuation of overseas Chinese have greatly strengthened the tension in the region, and its influence may last until the end of this year.