Wechat and Alipay have been "following each other" recently. At the beginning of May, WeChat and Alipay announced their cooperation with Carrefour supermarket chains, and they will be able to pay with WeChat and Alipay wallet at Carrefour offline outlets. Prior to this, the two companies almost simultaneously announced the provision of urban service mobile platforms in 15 cities across the country, trying to "go hand in hand" in the field of public services. Similar time, similar service, following the taxi software, the two companies once again played a "catch-up" in the field of life service, so that users waiting for red envelopes will inevitably get excited. I wonder what the two companies are doing this time.
The IT Times reporter experienced the payment and service of Alipay and WeChat in the city on the spot to see whether it is "two brothers are good" or "life and death".
Mobile Payment: "Good Brothers" Against UnionPay
coverage area
Alipay: The whole family, Haode, Costco, Agriculture, Industry, Carrefour and many other supermarkets have begun to accept Alipay wallet scanning code payment.
Wechat Payment: Some retail supermarkets under Haodehe Agriculture, Industry and Commerce support it, and other supermarkets all said that it will take some time.
Conclusion: Alipay wins.
Entrance position
Alipay: the payment code is set in the first-level directory, and you can swipe the code when you open it.
Wechat payment: the entrance is deep, and you need to enter the secondary directory of WeChat-wallet to find the payment code. From opening the wallet, entering the wallet, entering the password to completing the payment, there are five steps to be completed.
Conclusion: Alipay wins.
User usage frequency
Observation location: Dragon Dream Carrefour Supermarket in Zhongshan Park
The eye-catching position of the cash register is affixed with the eye-catching Alipay payment logo, but the number of users who actively use Alipay is still a minority. The reporter observed for 5 minutes and found that most customers still use cash or bank card to pay by credit card. However, the supermarket staff introduced that Alipay wallets have discounts on weekends for three days, and 7 out of 10 customers will use Alipay wallets.
Conclusion "If there are discounts, there will be no interest" is a practical dilemma faced by retailers accessing Alipay and WeChat payment offline.
Offline team: Alipay has no ability to exclude WeChat payment
"WeChat is a hardware interface that gradually opened offline scanning code in the second half of last year. Many companies are still gradually improving their technical standards. Therefore, the promotion speed is slower than Alipay." Hangzhou Yiling Technology is one of the national agents authorized by Alipay. After promoting Alipay wallet for two years, they launched the offline promotion business of WeChat payment. In their view, as long as Alipay does not put forward "exclusive requirements", the more mobile payments, the better.
Agents have little interest in individual promotion and payment by bill.
As an Internet company, when Alipay develops offline business, except for some large enterprises such as Carrefour, most small enterprises use Alipay cashier, which is authorized to be promoted and operated by offline service providers.
According to the "IT Times" reporter, there are 8 first-level agents directly authorized by Alipay nationwide, and these agents have hundreds of second-level dealers nationwide to promote them. Through this huge network, the coverage of Alipay offline payment outlets has gradually matured.
"Our main business is to provide O2O solutions for offline shops. Offline receipt is only one of them. It is mainly service-oriented and it is basically difficult to make a profit." Mr. Sun, who previously promoted Alipay’s offline payment business in Zibo, Shandong Province, has now quit. "As a secondary agent, in the first year, the rate of 6‰ of merchants’ turnover was all put into Alipay accounts, and dealers could not take it. Only in the second year can there be a 37% or 46% share, but we are basically small and medium-sized merchants, and it is difficult to make a profit."
At present, most Alipay push teams rely on online solution packaging to make profits. The charging standard of an Alipay service window obtained by the reporter shows that the initial construction fee for creating a membership and marketing data analysis platform ranges from 5,600 yuan to 16,800 yuan, and then 20% of it will be charged as a service fee every year. These are the keys to the profitability of these offline enterprises.
The low rate of WeChat is more attractive to agents.
Since the second half of last year, WeChat Pay has gradually opened the hardware interface of offline payment. So far, there are only two or three service enterprises in China that have the ability to conduct offline scanning code payment of WeChat Pay, but these enterprises have basically had mature experience in the offline promotion of Alipay. "One of the conditions for the opening of WeChat payment is the technical ability to improve the interface, and the other is the offline outlet." A person from the first batch of Qiding Yunshang authorized by WeChat payment interface introduced that only companies that have done Alipay have the strength to pick up such conditions.
Although the offline promotion of WeChat payment started late, it has great support for the acquiring rate of core merchants, which is attractive enough for agents. "The rate of WeChat payment in the first year is 3‰, and in the second year, it is divided into 37%, the secondary agent takes seven, and the primary agent takes three. This is significantly greater than the current 4.8‰ support that Alipay gives to first-class agents. " Therefore, some enterprises choose to withdraw from Alipay promotion and invest in offline promotion of WeChat payment.
For traditional entity merchants, whether Alipay or WeChat payment, compared with the traditional bill collection mode, both of them have the advantages of real-time receipt and lower rate. "The traditional bill collection rate is 1%~1.2%, and Alipay and WeChat are much lower than this figure. The actual profit-making will encourage merchants to gradually change the cashier method." In the eyes of the industry, at this stage, whether Alipay leads or WeChat comes from behind, neither of them has the conditions for competition. "What they have to do now is to join hands with UnionPay to compete for the market."
Urban service: It is far from the time of competition.
Shanghai is a must for Alipay and WeChat to open pilot cities. At present, the number of services provided by the two companies is between 10 and 12, among which Alipay provides personalized "scenic spot booking" and "marriage registration reservation", while WeChat city services include "housing tax payment" and "tax invoice information inquiry". The rest, including traffic inquiries and payment of water, electricity and coal fees, are all the same services.
Wechat’s service page is displayed in a list, which is divided into two categories: government service and life service. There are several categories under each category, and the overall page style is relatively blunt. Alipay’s city service page is tiled with icons, and each function item is distributed in a tabular form, with a refreshing overall color scheme and style. Among them, Alipay’s weather conditions and traffic restrictions are directly displayed at the top, while WeChat "hides" this information in the sub-column under the life service category, with a picture of the city at the top.
When using some functions, WeChat "City Service" is obviously not smooth. For example, under the "medical service" project, WeChat only accesses the registered network, while Alipay also has several local hospitals. Enter the "quick appointment" of the registered network platform through WeChat. The hospitals displayed in the list cannot be opened, but they can be opened in Alipay for further operation.
In addition, both of them are connected to the library inquiry system in Shanghai. The reporter inquired about the book "Social Animals" on WeChat, and it was blank. However, when he inquired about the book through Alipay, there were three results. The reporter continued to inquire about several books and found that ordinary books such as "One Thousand and One Nights" and "Economics" could be found on WeChat, but slightly professional books might not be found.
In terms of living expenses, Alipay has more types of fees than WeChat, such as fixed-line broadband, cable TV, traffic violations and property fees. And you can save the manual input of the bill number by similar "sweeping".
As far as the current overall usage is concerned, Alipay’s "city service" response speed and fluency are better than WeChat’s. However, Yin Ting, the person in charge of the WeChat project in Shanghai, told the IT Times reporter that "the technology is gradually improving some functions of WeChat city service, such as applying the voice recognition bill number technology of PayPal to the living payment of’ city service’".
Offline competition: whoever builds the platform first wins in the end.
The government is open-minded and the two companies are fighting for speed.
"After accessing the two platforms, it has indeed achieved a good diversion effect, especially in the registration and appointment. In the past, a lot of time was wasted in queuing and receiving the form. Now some information can be completed directly on the mobile phone, and the appointment also makes us better. Arrange resources and be more efficient. If you apply for entry and exit, the queue time is now within 10 minutes. " Wang Jiwei, the head of Weibo and WeChat, told the IT Times reporter.
At present, Shanghai Public Security has connected some service functions of entry-exit management and traffic information to WeChat, and indirectly connected to Alipay’s platform through the "city service" platform paid by Sina Weibo. In a month or so, they have seen the positive effects.
Openness is the unanimous attitude of most functional departments that open electronic interfaces at present. In their view, as long as the interface is opened to WeChat within the allowable scope, there is no reason not to open it to Alipay, Weibo or Baidu, which is convenient for the public and improves the efficiency of the government, killing two birds with one stone, so under the premise of ensuring security, they do not rule out open cooperation with a number of similar Internet platforms. "The public security department has its own security mechanism and will open the corresponding interface only under the premise of ensuring security." Wang Jiwei said.
The government’s attitude is open, and the remaining problem is speed for Alipay and WeChat. Yin Ting told the IT Times reporter, "Many projects are being promoted in coordination with various commissions, but because the government needs time to divide manpower and funds, it is impossible to promote them too quickly. At present, some problems are being solved and services are gradually improving. " Ant Financial said that in addition to actively cooperating with government departments, they also set up a special team to discuss cooperation with major hospitals and other institutions. (The authors of this article, Zhang Weiwei and Zhang Cheng, were authorized by the IT Times to launch the titanium media network)
The bullet train that ran outside for 48 hours "went home" for maintenance. (Reporter wanglili)
Cctv news(Reporter wanglili) After 6: 30 pm every day, after 48 hours of running outside, the motor trains will return to Taiyuan EMU for routine maintenance and overhaul.
There are many departments in the EMU, such as electric workshop, communication workshop, dispatching and monitoring center, locomotive room, passenger room, cleaning room, etc. At this time, the work of Wang Xiaoxia, secretary of the Party branch of Taiyuan EMU on-board equipment workshop of Taiyuan Electric Section of China Railway Taiyuan Bureau Group Co., Ltd., who is responsible for the core equipment "train overspeed protection device" (hereinafter referred to as ATP), began.
On February 1st, the annual China Spring Festival travel rush was launched again. In the world’s largest population migration, which is expected to send 2.98 billion passengers, the number of passengers sent by railway is expected to reach 390 million.
As the first generation of emu repairman in China who grew up with emus, Wang Xiaoxia has been engaged in emu maintenance for eight years, and more than 4,000 emus have been overhauled by her hand.
"Taiyuan Railway Company has jurisdiction over five high-speed railway lines and 48 sets of motor trains. For high-speed motor trains with a top speed of more than 300 kilometers per hour, meticulous and rigorous maintenance work is the key to ensuring the safe operation of high-speed motor trains." Wang Xiaoxia said.
Maintenance of railway signalman changing to high-end bullet train
Wang Xiaoxia was born in a railway worker’s family. Living beside the railway since childhood, she has a natural affection for railway work. In 2007, after graduating from graduate school, she was assigned to taiyuan railway administration and became a railway signalman.
In 2009, Shitai Passenger Dedicated Line was opened, and the first batch of EMUs imported from taiyuan railway administration were put into operation. At that time, as one of the few female graduate students who overhauled high-speed rail equipment in the whole railway, Wang Xiaoxia changed from an ordinary signalman to a post to overhaul ATP of high-end bullet trains.
If the wheels of the emu are compared to the limbs and the engine to the heart, the on-board equipment is the brain, especially the ATP, the core component of the on-board equipment, is the central nervous system of the emu and can be called the black box of the emu.
In the interview, Kang Chunhui, deputy secretary of the Party Committee of Taifei Electric Power Department, said that ATP is responsible for receiving and processing a large amount of digital information, and the good operation and reliability of the equipment is equivalent to giving the EMU a "clairvoyance and clairvoyance". If there is a problem with ATP, the EMU will not be able to start running. Wang Xiaoxia’s workshop is responsible for the daily maintenance of ATP equipment of 48 operating EMUs, such as Daxi High-speed Railway, Shitaike Special Railway and Beijing-Guangzhou High-speed Railway.
"Brain Doctor" in the EMU
Wang Xiaoxia is testing high-speed trains. (Reporter wanglili)
At 18: 40 pm on February 1st, Taiyuan EMU Operation Station, a modern maintenance depot that can accommodate 12 high-speed trains at the same time, was brightly lit.
Driving during the day and overhauling at night are the processes of high-speed trains. The overhaul time is from 6 pm the day before to 7 am the next day, with the peak from 11 pm to 3 am the next day.
It is understood that the maintenance of a motor train needs the unified command of the dispatcher and can be completed within 2 hours under the coordinated operation of various positions.
"Nothing can go wrong in any link, just as nervous as fighting." Wang Xiaoxia’s work area is responsible for the ATP system maintenance of 24 motor trains. On the train, a set of cabinets called "system host" is the focus of their inspection. "It is the core equipment to ensure the safe operation of EMU. In case of abnormal situation, it will automatically alarm the driver. If the driver fails to follow the prompts, it will automatically control the train immediately to ensure the safe and stable stop of the train."
After the inspection on the train, Wang Xiaoxia has to drill into the inspection ditch to check the induction device at the bottom of the train. If you find something abnormal, deal with it urgently. If you can’t handle it, you can only detain the car the next day.
There are 40 employees in Wang Xiaoxia’s work area, all of whom are young guys and girls, who stay up all day and go out at night. Everyone jokingly said that they are "brain doctors" living "American time".
Now it seems that the work that is easy to master is far from so simple at the beginning. As a new thing that I just came into contact with in 2009, the equipment and testing equipment used on the train are all imported, and there are only several foreign languages that I need to understand. As a graduate student, Wang Xiaoxia is duty-bound to take on the responsibility of overcoming technical difficulties.
In the interaction with training teachers, manufacturers, motor train drivers and mechanics, Wang Xiaoxia gained more rich experience and practice. She said that "ensuring the safety of high-speed rail and passengers is foolproof" is not an abstract concept, but a concrete analysis, judgment, answer and guidance of all data.
"There are four types of ATP in the EMU attached to Taiyuan Bureau of High-speed Train, and the different types are very different. There are as many as 20 kinds of analysis and monitoring software needed for daily maintenance." Wang Xiaoxia said that their work is like running after the frontier of science and technology, and they dare not be sloppy and lax.
Innovation Studio specializes in treating "intractable diseases" of motor trains.
Wang Xiaoxia made a simulation in front of his own simulation test system. (Reporter wanglili)
Some time ago, there was a problem with the ATP system setting of a motor train about to leave the warehouse. According to the driver’s description, Wang Xiaoxia decisively asked the driver to manually modify the ATP system setting parameters. In less than one minute, the system settings returned to normal, the danger was eliminated, and the EMU was out of the library according to the established time.
Shanxi’s dry climate is prone to static electricity, which makes ATP equipment accessories and other precision equipment prone to problems or damage.
"At that time, there was no regular testing equipment for these spare parts in the whole road. Once the ATP failure required replacement of spare parts, I didn’t know whether the replaced spare parts were qualified." Kang Chunhui said that in order to solve this problem, Wang Xiaoxia independently developed the indoor simulation test system for on-board equipment of EMU, which filled the blank of indoor simulation test system for on-board equipment without train control.
Wang Xiaoxia’s two inventions not only solved the problem of periodic power-on test for spare parts of EMU, but also increased the training opportunities for employees to solve "intractable diseases" in practical operation. What is more impressive is that the two systems can generate direct economic benefits of about 10 million yuan per year.
With the arrival of Spring Festival travel rush, Wang Xiaoxia’s work became busier. During the day, she focused on management and business skills, and at night, she followed her classes to solve various problems at any time and place. In the interview, she said: "For the high-speed train, even a screw is a big deal, especially the ATP is related to the safety of the EMU. What they have to do is to ensure the safety of the train and let every passenger go home safely. "
Core Tip: As a key technology to lead a new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation, the generative artificial intelligence represented by ChatGPT has constantly spawned new scenarios, new formats, new models and new markets, changed the mode of production of information and knowledge, and reshaped the interaction mode between human beings and technology, which has a great impact on education, finance, media and games. In this context, countries around the world have introduced artificial intelligence development strategies and specific policies to seize the strategic commanding heights. At the same time, the security risks exposed by generative artificial intelligence, such as data leakage, false content generation and improper use, have also attracted wide attention from all countries. The development, application and governance of generative artificial intelligence is no longer a common challenge faced by a certain country but the whole international community.
[Abstract] As a key technology to lead a new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation, the generative artificial intelligence represented by ChatGPT has constantly spawned new scenarios, new formats, new models and new markets, changed the mode of production of information and knowledge, and reshaped the interaction mode between human beings and technology, which has a great impact on education, finance, media and games. In this context, countries around the world have introduced artificial intelligence development strategies and specific policies to seize the strategic commanding heights. At the same time, the security risks exposed by generative artificial intelligence, such as data leakage, false content generation and improper use, have also attracted wide attention from all countries. The development, application and governance of generative artificial intelligence is no longer a common challenge faced by a certain country but the whole international community. In order to effectively deal with the new challenges of generative artificial intelligence to information content governance, we should balance the relationship between security and development, the relationship between technological innovation and technological governance, and the relationship between corporate compliance obligations and corporate affordability.
Keywords: multidimensional balance of internal and external challenges in the legislation of generative artificial intelligence governance model [Chinese library classification number] D92 [document identification code] a
Generative AI (Generative AI) is a new technology in the development of artificial intelligence, which can generate new content according to probability by statistical methods, such as video, audio, text and even software code. By using Transformer (a neural network model based on self-attention mechanism), generative artificial intelligence can deeply analyze the existing data sets, identify the location connection and correlation among them, and then continuously optimize and train with the help of feedback reinforcement learning from human feedback to form a large language model, and finally make decisions or predictions for the generation of new content. ① In addition to text generation and content creation, generative artificial intelligence also has a wide range of application scenarios, such as customer service, investment management, artistic creation, academic research, code programming, virtual assistance and so on. In a word, self-generation, self-learning and rapid iteration are the basic characteristics that distinguish generative artificial intelligence from traditional artificial intelligence.
The Interim Measures for the Management of Generative Artificial Intelligence Services (hereinafter referred to as the Interim Measures) officially issued by seven departments, including the National Network Information Office, came into effect on August 15, 2023, aiming at promoting the healthy development and standardized application of generative artificial intelligence and safeguarding national security and social public interests. As a key technology to lead a new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation, generative artificial intelligence represented by ChatGPT has constantly spawned new scenarios, new formats, new models and new markets, changed the mode of production of information and knowledge, and reshaped the interaction mode between human beings and technology, which has a great impact on education, finance, media and games. In this context, countries around the world have introduced artificial intelligence development strategies and specific policies to seize the strategic commanding heights. At the same time, the security risks exposed by generative artificial intelligence, such as data leakage, false content generation and improper use, have also attracted wide attention from all countries. It can be said with certainty that the development, application and governance of generative artificial intelligence is no longer a common challenge faced by a certain country but the whole international community.
Comment on the main supervision modes of artificial intelligence abroad
Artificial intelligence is a "double-edged sword", which promotes social progress, but also brings risks and challenges. The international community is committed to continuously promoting the development of artificial intelligence. For example, UNESCO adopted the first global agreement on artificial intelligence ethics-Proposal on Artificial Intelligence Ethics, which defined ten principles, including proportionality and non-harm, safety and security, fairness and non-discrimination. Since 2018, the EU has continued to promote the design, development and deployment of artificial intelligence, while striving to standardize the use and management of artificial intelligence and robots. The European Union’s Artificial Intelligence Act, which came into effect in early 2024, helped this work reach a climax and even became a milestone in the history of artificial intelligence governance. The United States pays more attention to the development of artificial intelligence, and regulates the development of artificial intelligence with the blueprint of artificial intelligence bill of rights (hereinafter referred to as the blueprint of bill of rights) as the main measure. In view of the relatively mature and representative measures of artificial intelligence governance in the European Union and the United States, the advantages and disadvantages of different regulatory models are discussed in the following, hoping to provide reference for the healthy development and effective governance of artificial intelligence in China.
EU artificial intelligence legislation: giving priority to safety and giving consideration to fairness. From the legislative history, in April 2021, the European Commission issued the legislative proposal "Regulations of the European Parliament and the Council on Formulating Uniform Rules for Artificial Intelligence (Artificial Intelligence Law) and Amending Some EU Legislation" (hereinafter referred to as the "Artificial Intelligence Act"), which opened the "hard law" road of artificial intelligence governance. In December 2022, the final version of the compromise draft of the Artificial Intelligence Act was formed. In June 2023, the European Parliament passed the draft negotiating authorization of the Artificial Intelligence Act and revised the original proposal. On December 8, 2023, the European Parliament, the European Council and the European Commission reached an agreement on the Artificial Intelligence Act, which stipulated comprehensive supervision in the field of artificial intelligence. On the whole, the Artificial Intelligence Act establishes an ethical and legal framework for the development and use of artificial intelligence in the European Union, supplemented by the Directive on Responsibility for Artificial Intelligence to ensure its implementation. Several rounds of discussions on the Artificial Intelligence Act mainly focused on the following contents:
The first is the definition of artificial intelligence and the scope of application of the bill. Article 3 of the Artificial Intelligence Act defines artificial intelligence as software developed by one or more technologies and methods, which can affect the output of interactive environment (such as content, prediction, suggestion or decision) and achieve specific goals specified by people. This definition has a wide range, which may cover a large number of software that is not traditionally regarded as artificial intelligence, which is not conducive to the development and governance of artificial intelligence. Therefore, the current version limits the definition of artificial intelligence to "a system based on machine learning or logic and knowledge", which aims to run at different levels of autonomy and can influence the output of prediction, suggestion or decision-making in physical or virtual environment for explicit or implicit goals. At the same time, Annex I and the authorization of the European Commission to modify the definition of artificial intelligence were deleted. Although the Artificial Intelligence Act does not involve generative artificial intelligence, the appearance of ChatGPT makes legislators add definitions of general artificial intelligence and basic model in the amendment, and requires generative artificial intelligence to comply with additional transparency requirements, such as disclosing the source of content and designing models to prohibit illegal generation. The Artificial Intelligence Act has extraterritorial effect and applies to all providers and deployers of artificial intelligence systems (whether established in the EU or in a third country), all distributors and importers, authorized representatives of providers, manufacturers of certain products established or located in the EU, and EU data subjects whose health, safety or basic rights are greatly affected by the use of artificial intelligence systems.
The second is the supervision mode of artificial intelligence. The "Artificial Intelligence Act" adopts a risk-based approach, which classifies and sets different obligations according to the potential risks to health, safety and the basic rights of natural persons: first, unacceptable risks are prohibited from being deployed by any enterprise or individual; The second is high risk, which allows relevant subjects to put them on the market or use them after fulfilling their obligations such as prior assessment, and requires continuous monitoring during and after the event; The third is finite risk, which does not need to obtain a special license, certification or fulfill the obligations of reporting and recording, but should follow the principle of transparency and allow proper traceability and interpretability; The fourth is low risk or minimum risk, and the corresponding subject can deploy and use according to free will. As far as generative artificial intelligence is concerned, because it has no specific purpose and can be applied to different scenarios, it cannot be classified according to the general mode or operation mode, but should be based on the expected purpose and specific application field of developing or using generative artificial intelligence. ②
The third is the general principle of artificial intelligence. Specifically, it includes: human agency and supervision: the development and use of artificial intelligence system must be a tool to serve human beings, respect human dignity, individual autonomy and function, and be properly controlled and supervised by human beings; Technical robustness and security: the development and deployment of artificial intelligence should minimize accidents and unexpected damage, ensure robustness when unexpected problems occur, and be flexible when malicious third parties try to change the performance of artificial intelligence systems and illegally use them; Privacy and data protection: The artificial intelligence system must be developed and used according to the existing privacy and data protection rules, and at the same time, it must deal with data that meet high standards in terms of quality and integrity; Transparency: The development and use of artificial intelligence system must allow proper traceability and interpretability, make human beings aware of their communication or interaction with artificial intelligence system, and properly inform users of the capabilities and limitations of artificial intelligence and the rights enjoyed by the affected people; Non-discrimination and fairness: the development and use of artificial intelligence systems must include different participants, promote equal use, gender equality and cultural diversity, and avoid discriminatory influence and unfair prejudice prohibited by EU or national laws; Social and environmental well-being: Artificial intelligence systems should be developed and used in a sustainable and environmentally friendly way, benefiting everyone, while monitoring and evaluating the long-term impact on individuals, society and democracy.
The EU intends to establish a global standard for artificial intelligence supervision through the Artificial Intelligence Act, so that Europe can gain a dominant position in international intelligence competition. The "Artificial Intelligence Act" has formulated relatively reasonable rules for dealing with artificial intelligence systems, which can avoid discrimination, surveillance and other potential hazards to a certain extent, especially in areas related to basic rights. For example, the Artificial Intelligence Act lists some uses that prohibit artificial intelligence, and facial recognition in public places is one of them. In addition, it integrates the control measures to mitigate risks into the business departments where risks may occur, which can help organizations understand the cost-effectiveness of artificial intelligence systems, conduct compliance (self-review) to clarify responsibilities and obligations, and finally confidently adopt artificial intelligence. At the same time, however, the Artificial Intelligence Act also has defects in risk classification, supervision, rights protection and responsibility mechanism, etc. For example, it adopts horizontal legislation, trying to bring all artificial intelligence into the scope of supervision, without in-depth consideration of the different characteristics of artificial intelligence, which may lead to the problem that relevant risk prevention measures can not be implemented. ③
American artificial intelligence legislation: emphasizing self-regulation and supporting technological innovation. Under the global background of artificial intelligence law and policy making, the United States has gradually formed a regulatory framework based on the voluntary principle. The comprehensive regulatory measure in the United States is the Blueprint of Bill of Rights issued by the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) in October 2022, which aims to support the protection of citizens’ rights during the design, deployment and governance of automation systems. Under the guidance of "Blueprint of Bill of Rights", federal departments began to perform their respective duties and set out to formulate specific policies. For example, the US Department of Labor formulated the Fair Manual of Artificial Intelligence, which aims to prevent artificial intelligence from prejudicing job seekers and employees based on race, age, gender and other characteristics. The core content of the Blueprint of the Bill of Rights is five principles: a safe and effective system: the public is protected from unsafe or ineffective systems; Algorithm discrimination protection: the public should not face the discrimination of algorithms and systems, and the automation system should be used and designed in a fair way; Data privacy: the automation system should have built-in protection measures to ensure that the public’s data is not abused, and to ensure that the public enjoys the leading right to use the data; Know and explain: the public has the right to know that they are using the automation system, and understand what it is and how to produce results that have an impact on the public; Principle of substitutability: Under appropriate circumstances, the public should be able to choose not to use the automation system and use manual alternatives or other alternatives. ④ Because the above principles are not regulated, they are not binding.Therefore, the Blueprint of the Bill of Rights is not an enforceable "Bill of Rights" with legislative protection, but rather a forward-looking blueprint for governance based on future assumptions.
At present, the US Congress has adopted a relatively non-interference approach to the supervision of artificial intelligence, although the Democratic leadership has indicated its intention to introduce a federal law to supervise artificial intelligence. Chuck Schumer, the majority leader of the US Senate, proposed a new framework to guide the legislation and supervision of artificial intelligence in the future, including "who", "where", "how" and "protection", requiring technology companies to review and test artificial intelligence systems before releasing them, and provide users with the results. However, in the case of checks and balances between the two parties in the United States, the possibility of passing the law through Congress is low, and even if there is a chance to pass it, it will need several rounds of revision. In contrast, faced with the strategic competitive pressure brought by the European Union’s "Artificial Intelligence Act" and the multi-field security risks of generative artificial intelligence represented by ChatGPT, the federal agencies in the United States have taken an active intervention attitude and conducted supervision within their jurisdiction. For example, the US Federal Trade Commission (FTC) actively supervises deceptive and unfair behaviors related to artificial intelligence by implementing the Fair Credit Reporting Act and the Federal Trade Commission Act. The first investigation that OpenAI faced was conducted by FTC; In January, 2023, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) formulated the Risk Management Framework of Artificial Intelligence, which classified the risks existing in artificial intelligence in detail. In April 2023, the US Department of Commerce publicly solicited opinions on accountability measures for artificial intelligence, including whether artificial intelligence models should go through certification procedures before release.
At the local level in the United States, California passed the California Consumer Privacy Act of 2018 (CCPA) as a positive response to the EU General Data Protection Regulations. In 2023, under the impetus of Senator Bauer Kahan, California proposed the AB331(Automated decision tools) bill, requiring deployers and developers of automated decision tools to conduct an impact assessment of any automated decision tools they use on or before January 1, 2025, and every year thereafter, including the purpose of automated decision tools and a statement of their expected benefits, uses and deployment environment. New york has promulgated the Automated Employment Decision Tools Act (AEDT Law), which requires employers and professional platforms that use the Automated Employment Decision Tools in their recruitment and promotion decisions to conduct a brand-new and thorough review of the artificial intelligence system and a more comprehensive risk test to assess whether it falls within the scope of AEDT Law. In addition, legislatures in Texas, Vermont and Washington state have introduced relevant legislation, requiring state institutions to review the artificial intelligence systems being developed and used, and effectively disclose the use of artificial intelligence. It can be seen that local governments in the United States still have a positive attitude towards artificial intelligence governance. The main challenge faced by local governments is how to supervise artificial intelligence innovation in Silicon Valley with minimal obstacles. In California, for example, in order to overcome this challenge,The proposed bill has two provisions: first, the focus of artificial intelligence governance is on the rights, opportunities and risks of citizens’ access to key services, rather than the details of specific technologies, which can allow the innovative development of artificial intelligence; The second is to establish the transparency of artificial intelligence, requiring developers and users to submit an annual impact assessment to the California Department of Civil Rights, which can explain in detail the types of automation tools involved, for public access. Developers also need to develop a governance framework, detailing how the technology is used and its possible impact. In addition, the California Act also mentions the issue of private litigation rights, which provides a remedy for the protection of rights by allowing individuals to file lawsuits when their rights are violated. ⑤
At present, the focus of artificial intelligence supervision in the United States is still to apply existing laws to artificial intelligence, rather than to formulate specialized artificial intelligence laws. For example, FTC has repeatedly stated that Article 5 of the Federal Trade Commission Act "Prohibition of Unfair or Fraud" can be fully applied to artificial intelligence and machine learning systems. In fact, how to coordinate the conflict between existing laws and artificial intelligence is not only an urgent task for a certain country, but also an urgent problem facing the international community. At present, the US Congress has not reached a consensus on the federal legislation on artificial intelligence supervision, including the regulatory framework, risk classification and other specific contents. Chuck Schumer, the majority leader of the US Senate, advocates comprehensive supervision of artificial intelligence similar to that of the European Union, and speeds up the legislative process of Congress by formulating frameworks and special forums, which conflicts with the voluntary principle of the United States. Therefore, it will take a long time for the legislation of artificial intelligence supervision at the federal level to appear.
The New Challenge of Generative Artificial Intelligence to Information Content Governance
Generally speaking, the risks faced by artificial intelligence mainly come from three aspects: technology, market and specification. ⑦ The generative artificial intelligence represented by ChatGPT is close to the goal of general artificial intelligence, but it also brings new challenges to information content governance, which urgently needs forward-looking and targeted theoretical research. The main perspectives of academic analysis of the risks of generative artificial intelligence include: first, based on the general risks of artificial intelligence and combined with the unique characteristics of generative artificial intelligence, the risks in intelligent ethics, intellectual property protection, privacy and personal data protection are studied; ⑧ The second is to study the risk and governance of generative artificial intelligence in specific fields, such as the risk of sentencing deviation of generative artificial intelligence in judicial judgment; Thirdly, based on the operation structure of generative artificial intelligence, the risk problems are studied from preparation, operation to generation, and then corresponding measures are taken, such as using technology and management to correct the algorithm discrimination risk of generative artificial intelligence in operation stage. ⑨ This paper thinks that it can also be analyzed from the internal and external perspectives. The internal challenges are the challenges existing in the model itself, including input quality problems, processing problems and output quality problems. External challenges come from non-model itself, including improper use risk and legal supervision risk.
Input quality: Artificial intelligence consists of algorithm, computing power and data elements, in which data is the basis of artificial intelligence and determines the accuracy and reliability of its output to some extent. Generative artificial intelligence is a kind of artificial intelligence, so its output (generated content) will also be affected by the quantity and quality of data. Generative artificial intelligence must be trained with high-quality data. Once the data set is polluted or tampered with, the trained generative artificial intelligence may damage users’ basic rights, intellectual property rights, personal privacy and information data rights, and even produce social prejudice.
Handling process problems: In addition to data, the algorithm model used in training will also affect the output results of artificial intelligence. If the training of artificial intelligence is regarded as a cuisine, the training data affects the quality of the final cuisine with the role of "material", while the algorithm model plays its own role with the role of "recipe", and both are indispensable. Once the selected algorithm model has problems or is inconsistent with the expected purpose, even if more and better data are input, a well-behaved artificial intelligence system cannot be obtained. The discrimination and prejudice of artificial intelligence caused by machine learning algorithms and training data are collectively called pre-existing algorithm bias, which corresponds to the sudden algorithm bias caused by the emergence of new knowledge, new formats and new scenarios. Technological change has not eliminated the problem of false generation, but only packaged and concealed it. Therefore, generative artificial intelligence often has sudden algorithm bias, which further increases the risk of use and the difficulty of governance, thus requiring more accurate protective measures.
Output quality problem: In fact, the risk essentially stems from people’s insufficient ability to recognize and control things and cannot be solved in time before the problem sprouts or even erupts. From this point of view, the controllability of technology is inversely proportional to its risk, and the more difficult it is to control, the higher the risk. Large language model and thinking chain not only endow generative artificial intelligence with the ability of logical deduction, but also make its output content more and more difficult to predict. In other words, generative artificial intelligence has low controllability and high potential risks. For example, due to social and cultural differences, the output of generative artificial intelligence may be appropriate in one cultural background, but it is offensive in another cultural environment. Humans can distinguish such differences, but generative artificial intelligence may be unable to distinguish the subtle differences of culture due to the lack of cultural pre-design, and inadvertently produce inappropriate content.
Risk of improper use: Generative artificial intelligence has high intelligence, but the difficulty and cost of using it are low, which provides possible space for some people to engage in illegal activities by using its powerful power, and the risk of improper use arises from this. The People’s Republic of China (PRC) Academic Degrees Law (Draft) drafted by the Ministry of Education of China clearly stipulates the use of artificial intelligence to write dissertations and other behaviors and their handling. OpenAI said that it is training ChatGPT on sensitive words, and when users’ questions obviously violate the embedded ethics and legislation, ChatGPT will refuse to answer them. Even so, some people can still bypass the pre-set "firewall" of ChatGPT and instruct them to generate illegal content or complete illegal operations, and the risk of improper use has not been effectively curbed. In the long run, generative artificial intelligence may lead to a crisis of social trust, which will make people fall into the dilemma of being difficult to distinguish between true and false, and eventually lead to the "end of truth" and make human society enter the "post-truth era". ⑩
Legal supervision risk: the internal input quality problems, processing process problems and output quality problems of generative artificial intelligence, as well as the external improper use risks jointly push its supervision difficulty to a new peak, resulting in the legal risk of supervision failure. The legal risk of generative artificial intelligence is not limited to a specific field, but crosses multiple fields and needs the collaborative governance of multiple departments. The terms of use of generative artificial intelligence often lack authorization to deal with user interaction data, which may lead to personal privacy and national security problems, because some data in large enterprises already have public attributes, and once leakage occurs, it will not only harm the interests of enterprises, but also pose a threat to national security. In addition, the problem that the decision-making process of generative artificial intelligence is not transparent enough will also have an impact on legal supervision, and even become a decisive reason for the regulatory authorities to prohibit its deployment in specific fields.
Solution: seek multi-dimensional balance
Facing the great application value of generative artificial intelligence and the internal and external risk challenges, we need to make a reasonable choice. At present, although all countries in the world have doubts about the safety of generative artificial intelligence, they unanimously recognize its application potential in international competition, economic development, digital government construction, etc. By formulating relevant policies and regulations, they try to handle the relationship between safety and development, technological innovation and public interest, laying the premise and guarantee for the use of generative artificial intelligence. Our country is no exception. Judging from Article 1 of the Interim Measures, the purpose of this law is "to promote the healthy development and standardized application of generative artificial intelligence, safeguard national security and social public interests, and protect the legitimate rights and interests of citizens, legal persons and other organizations". Article 3 clearly points out the general attitude of legislators to the governance of generative artificial intelligence, that is, "adhere to the principle of paying equal attention to development and safety, promoting innovation and combining governance according to law." In fact, through this principle, we can find a solution that is suitable for China’s national conditions, that is, to seek a multi-dimensional balance of generative artificial intelligence governance.
First of all, we should balance the relationship between security and development. Under the overall national security concept, security is the premise of development, development is the guarantee of security, and non-development is the greatest insecurity. China must actively develop modern scientific and technological means such as generative artificial intelligence to promote economic development and social progress, and constantly enhance China’s international competitiveness. Article 3 of the "Interim Measures" points out that "the generative artificial intelligence service shall be subject to inclusive, prudent and classified supervision". Regarding specific measures, the Interim Measures also gives a plan: Articles 5 and 6 specify the direction and content of encouraging development, such as supporting industry organizations, enterprises, educational and scientific research institutions, public cultural institutions, relevant professional institutions, etc. to cooperate in technological innovation, data resource construction, transformation and application, and risk prevention of generative artificial intelligence; Articles 7 and 8 respectively put forward requirements for the safety of generative artificial intelligence from training data processing and data labeling, such as pre-training and optimization training. For example, the service provider of generative artificial intelligence should use data and basic models with legal sources, and shall not infringe on the intellectual property rights enjoyed by others according to law.
Secondly, the relationship between technological innovation and technological governance should be balanced. While taking measures to accelerate the innovative development of generative artificial intelligence, we should also recognize the internal and external risk challenges it brings and deal with them accordingly. In short, we should govern in innovation and innovate in governance to ensure that technological innovation runs on the track of rule of law. To this end, on the one hand, we should give play to the role of policies in leading economic and social development, actively encourage enterprises to carry out technological innovation by simplifying administrative licensing and reducing taxes, and at the same time guide enterprises to use their own development to promote economic and social development, and confirm their legitimate rights and interests through legislation; On the other hand, adhere to the bottom line of governance according to law, and timely regulate and deal with possible violations of laws and regulations by enterprises. Specifically, according to the provisions of Article 19 of the Interim Measures, the relevant competent departments shall supervise and inspect the generative artificial intelligence services according to their duties, and the providers shall cooperate with them according to law; For the acts of generative artificial intelligence providers that violate the Network Security Law of the People’s Republic of China, the Data Security Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC) and the Personal Information Protection Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC), they shall be fined, ordered to stop providing services, and investigated for criminal responsibility. If the existing laws and regulations can’t effectively regulate the new format of technological development, the competent department can first give a warning, informed criticism, and order it to make corrections within a time limit, and then legislate in time (the dialectical relationship between special legislation and general legislation, national legislation and local legislation needs to be considered) to ensure that there are laws to follow and administration according to law.
Finally, the relationship between corporate compliance obligations and corporate affordability should be balanced. Effective governance of generative artificial intelligence requires enterprises that carry out model training and provide generative services to undertake corresponding compliance obligations, but such obligations must be appropriate and should not exceed the affordability of enterprises. In this regard, we can find normative support from the relevant provisions of the Interim Measures: First, Article 3 requires classified and hierarchical supervision of generative artificial intelligence services, which implies that governance should be carried out according to specific risks, and different compliance obligations should be put forward for enterprises that provide different generative artificial intelligence obligations in different fields, which is quite similar to the risk-based hierarchical supervision of the Artificial Intelligence Act; Second, compared with the original draft for comments, Articles 7 and 8 have significantly reduced the compliance requirements for enterprises to develop and train generative artificial intelligence. For example, Item (4) of Article 7 has been changed to "Take effective measures to improve the quality of training data and enhance the authenticity, accuracy, objectivity and diversity of training data", and Article 8 has been changed to "Sampling and verifying the marked contents" Third, Articles 9 and 14 give the provider more flexible compliance space by redistributing the rights and obligations of service providers and users, so as to enhance their willingness to actively comply. For example, changing "content producer responsibility" to "network information content producer responsibility",So that enterprises providing services do not have to bear the responsibility for users’ malicious abuse of illegal content generated by generative artificial intelligence.
Generative artificial intelligence technology has caused great waves in many industries, such as commerce and trade, news communication, etc. How to effectively supervise and make it serve human society is a realistic proposition that all countries should consider and solve for a long time. The artificial intelligence supervision mode chosen by different countries reflects specific social values and national priorities, and these different requirements may conflict with each other, such as paying attention to protecting users’ privacy and promoting technological innovation, thus creating a more complicated supervision environment. Although there are many differences between the EU’s "safety first, giving consideration to fairness" and the US’s "emphasizing self-regulation and supporting technological innovation", there is also a consensus part, which can more or less promote the technological innovation, safe use and legal governance of generative artificial intelligence. At the same time, transparency and interpretability will be the key to abide by emerging regulations and cultivate trust in generative artificial intelligence technology. The legislative trends in Europe and America also remind China to carry out artificial intelligence legislation at the national level as soon as possible, determine the basic principles of artificial intelligence governance, as well as the risk management system, the distribution of main responsibilities, legal responsibilities, etc., coordinate the national governance layout, and give full play to local enthusiasm, and try first through local legislation to avoid being unavailable and accumulate experience for national artificial intelligence legislation.
(The author is a professor and doctoral supervisor at Guanghua Law School of Zhejiang University)
[Note: This article is the phased achievement of the major project of the National Social Science Fund "Research on Establishing and Perfecting China’s Network Comprehensive Governance System" (project number: 20ZDA062)]
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Yoon-hyun Chang, director of Coffee, tells a play to Kim So-yeon.
Kim So-yeon studio photo
Kim So-yeon hid his face and snickered.
Movie network news(Compile /Ben) According to South Korean media reports, on March 29th, the Korean era spy war blockbuster "Coffee", which was being filmed on location in Jinshandong, Paju City, Gyeonggi Province, was accepted by the Korean media, and the mystery of the film was also unveiled. Reporters also made contact with the film director Yoon-hyun Chang, the film protagonist Kim So-yeon and Joo Jin Mo.
In an interview with reporters, Director Yoon-hyun Chang made his own speech about the opening of the film, as well as his calm attitude towards Li Duohai’s resignation.
After the film, Yoon-hyun Chang, who returned to the Korean film scene after three years, is undoubtedly the focus of the reporters on the spot. When a reporter asked about the resignation of Li Duohai, the original female No.1 in Coffee, and the tortuous experience that the film almost failed to start shooting smoothly, Director Zhang unexpectedly said that he was "calm". But he also revealed: "At first, I made an agreement with all the actors to work hard together, and then Li Duohai resigned. I really feel very sorry. It seems that there is no fate with her. "
At the same time, director Yoon-hyun Chang also made a speech about his choice of Kim So-yeon to replace Li Duohai as the heroine. He said that he was satisfied to find such a suitable actor for the role. "At first, I was worried that Kim So-yeon, who hasn’t made a film for a long time, would become like a newcomer with poor acting skills, but it turns out that she has outstanding understanding of works and a perfect state, and is an actor who is always prepared." Yoon-hyun Chang also revealed that Kim So-yeon was very nervous at first because it was the first time for Kim So-yeon to come into contact with historical films. However, judging from his recent performance, Kim So-yeon’s outstanding performance made him full of expectations.
Although Kim So-yeon made his debut as early as 1994, his only films were Campus Transformation in 1997 and two feature-length films in 2005. Kim So-yeon’s brand-new image, which challenged Korean costume films for the first time, has attracted great attention from fans after six years of violating the screen.
In addition, for Joo Jin Mo, Hee-soon Park and Liu Shan, Yoon-hyun Chang also expressed admiration: "The four main roles they played in the film are not only intertwined in fate, but also key figures in promoting the development of the plot. The leading actors have great determination to perform the play well, and at the same time, they are quite prepared. Everyone can look forward to their image and performance on the big screen. "
At the same time, the film producer also told the media that there are about 30% fictional elements in the content of Coffee, but the general plot is in line with real historical events. For example, in the film, the role played by actress Liu Shan comes from Pei Zhenzi, a famous Korean traitor in history. In addition, the producer also refuted the news that "the film investment has shrunk on a large scale" and "shooting cannot be carried out", and said that the above reports were completely groundless.
Regarding the news that the actor Liu Shan, who plays the role of "Zhen Zi" in the film, is about to get married, the producers also revealed that they were shocked when they learned the news three weeks ago. At the same time, he also said that the filming period of Coffee is expected to reach three months, and Liu Shan, who is about to get married in May, should be very busy at that time.
The film "Coffee" is adapted from the original work "Russian Coffee" by Korean novelist Kim Joo-hwan. It tells the story of the last king of Korea, Emperor Gaozong, who sought refuge in the Russian Embassy in order to escape Japanese aggression. In this film, it also reveals the battle plan behind this incident that Russia and the Japanese Empire sent spies to sneak into the court to assassinate Emperor Gaozong in order to manipulate the situation in Korea.
"Myopia" has become an "epidemic disease" affecting teenagers in China. How to prevent and control juvenile myopia? On February 22nd, at the 19th (Shanghai) International Glasses Exhibition, the relevant person in charge of the international optical brand "ZEISS" shared Zeiss’s knowledge and practice in the field of prevention and control of juvenile myopia.
According to the latest research report of the World Health Organization, the number of myopia patients in China is as high as 600 million, which is almost half of the total population of China. Among them, the myopia rate of primary school students has reached 45.7%, and the myopia rate of adolescents ranks first in the world.
In August 2018, the Ministry of Education and other eight departments issued the "Implementation Plan for Comprehensive Prevention and Control of Myopia among Children and Adolescents", which clearly stated that from this year, prevention and control of myopia will be included in the performance appraisal of local governments, and prevention and control of myopia among children and adolescents will become a national strategy.
Most children’s myopia is caused by axial myopia, which is axial myopia. Zeiss Changle lens with standard monofocal lens can help to restrain children’s axial elongation and delay the development of myopia.
"Improve parents’ awareness of myopia and help parents build knowledge about preventing myopia." Dr. Matthias Metz, CEO of Zeiss Consumer Optics Business (Dr. Mai Zhiyuan) believes that this is the first thing to do in the prevention and control of juvenile myopia at present.
What should parents do to prevent and control children’s myopia?
Founded in Jena, Germany in 1846, Zeiss has been deeply involved in the field of optics for 173 years. The company has four business departments: semiconductor manufacturing technology, research and quality technology, medical technology and vision care/consumer optical products. Zeiss has been committed to using professional optical technology to improve the visual quality of human beings, and provides a three-stage vision solution for adolescents with myopia and many eye diseases, including active prevention, effective management and accurate correction.
Dr. Matthias Metz, CEO of Zeiss Consumer Optics Business (Dr. Mai Zhiyuan)
To delay juvenile myopia, Zeiss Optics hopes that through its own efforts, all sectors of society can understand the causes of myopia and the prevention and control methods. Among them, Zeiss Optics believes that parents play an important role. What prevention and control knowledge should parents master? Dr. Matthias Metz (Dr. Mai Zhiyuan) specifically emphasized three aspects.
First of all, parents should know that myopia is not a problem that can be solved in a short time. Secondly, it is necessary to understand the causes of myopia and myopia deepening. Thirdly, for children who are already nearsighted, they should wear a pair of suitable glasses. Children and adults have different concepts of glasses. When choosing glasses, children will first consider the beauty, and it is easy to ignore whether the lenses and frames are suitable. This requires parents to guide their children. When choosing glasses, they should first focus on the choice of lenses. After professional fitting steps, they should choose the appropriate frame that fits the lenses.
In addition to genetic factors, improper lifestyle is also an important reason for the rising myopia rate of teenagers. "Thought attaches importance to and behavior ignores." Peng Wei, president of Zeiss Optics in China, thinks this is the status quo of most parents. On the surface, most parents agree that their children’s eyesight is very important. When they learn that their children are nearsighted, their parents will be very anxious, but when they get home, they have not taken any action to change it. He believes that we need to educate our parents that myopia is not a short-term problem. Electronic products are not the solution to manage naughty children when they are noisy. Only by managing the behavior of parents can we manage the behavior of children.
Peng Wei, President of Zeiss Optics China
"Early screening for potential causes of myopia is an important part of preventing and treating myopia. Most parents go to the hospital when they find that their children’s vision is abnormal, but myopia has already formed. " Peng Wei stressed that it is not right for parents to ignore children who are not nearsighted. After the child is 2 years old, he should have an eye examination regularly, not only to record the naked eye vision, but more importantly, to detect the axial length; For children with a family history of high myopia or high-risk factors, it is necessary to review them regularly and intervene in a targeted manner.
If the child is nearsighted, wear glasses correctly and keep matching between eyes and glasses, so as to effectively control the degree of myopia. Many parents are worried that their children will not be able to take them off after wearing glasses, and that their eyeballs will be deformed. They will not wear glasses for their children in early myopia, or wear them in stages. Such a wrong response will lead to serious consequences. Peng Wei said that whether children should wear glasses for a long time depends on the type of lenses. If it is a daily frame glasses, you can’t see clearly when you take it off. If you don’t wear it, it will accelerate eye fatigue and lead to vision growth. For glasses with special functions, you should listen to the doctor’s advice.
Take care of teenagers’ eyes with a holistic solution.
Since 1912, Zeiss has been integrating the specialties of medicine and ophthalmology. The professional advantages enable Zeiss to provide customers with the overall solutions needed in the field of eye health and vision care, including the overall fitting equipment, lens recommendation, digital ecosystem, professional training and education, and innovative market support programs. Among them, the Zeiss visual experience solution owned by Zeiss brings consumers a more accurate, comfortable and comprehensive fitting experience through professional fitting steps.
Zeiss refractive analyzer can detect the vision level under different pupil diameters.
In 1921, Zeiss took the lead in designing and producing axisymmetric lenses, and then continuously produced excellent products representing the trend of ophthalmic optics. For the success in the field of optometry, Zeiss believes that this is the result of continuous innovation. Zeiss spends more than 10% of its income on R&D every year, with nearly 30,000 employees worldwide, of whom more than 10% work in R&D positions.
Zeiss optics has always contributed to the prevention, management and correction of myopia in adolescents. In terms of active prevention, since 2009, more than 4 million "children’s refractive development files" have been established with the help of Zeiss Optics to track and protect children’s eye health and promote the advancement of myopia prevention. Since 2017, Zeiss Optics has been actively promoting the prevention and control of myopia among young people, calling on young people to exercise outdoors for 2 hours every day, and carrying out nearly 100 optometry services nationwide to bring high-quality and accurate fitting experience to young people.
In effective management, Zeiss Optics, relying on the accumulation of optometry technology for a hundred years, has invested heavily in the product research and development of teenagers to curb the further development of myopia. Zeiss Optics provides personalized vision solutions for teenagers, and designs high-quality single-lens with wear resistance and easy cleaning, Zeiss Little Naughty Lens, Zeiss "Love Motion" package, as well as functional lenses designed for Asian teenagers to help teenagers manage myopia, such as Zeiss Growth Lens and Zeiss Growth Lens.
Zeiss showed the latest "black technology equipment"-VISUFIT 1000, a three-dimensional positioning and fitting system, at this international spectacle exhibition. Nine high-definition cameras can get 180-degree personalized optical data of teenagers through one shot.
In precise correction, based on professional Zeiss optometry equipment and standardized eight fitting steps, teenagers can get accurate and comfortable fitting experience to meet their individual needs. Among them, Zeiss refractive analyzer can provide scientific and professional visual optometry for teenagers and generate depth analysis map for teenagers’ vision. In addition, Zeiss also actively carries out the training of optometry industry personnel and provides high-quality and high-standard optometry courses. In the past three years, Zeiss has trained about 90,000 optometrists and other optometrists.
In addition, Zeiss Optics also pays attention to ultraviolet protection, giving young people long-term and high-quality eye care. By adding Zeiss UV dual protection technology to the transparent resin lens, the wearer can enjoy the clear vision of the transparent lens and the ultraviolet protection effect like sunglasses.
From product vendors to solution providers, Zeiss Optics hopes to continue to help parents, schools, hospitals and society pay attention to the problem of myopia among teenagers in the future, popularize how to prevent and control myopia, provide scientific optometry equipment and suitable lenses, and make continuous efforts to delay myopia among teenagers.
At 6: 30 pm on January 13th, at Jindi Shangdu Store of China Film Oriental Studios in Xuzhou, the local talk show group "Shengxi Comedy" in Xuzhou started on time. Within 90 minutes, five talk show actors took turns to take the stage and made witty remarks. After watching the talk show, Yu Zhou, a student of Jiangsu Normal University, and her roommate bought a comedy movie, The Annual Meeting Can’t Stop! Tickets for ". Eighteen minutes before the movie started, they flipped through the books in the "Shadow Branch" in the cinema.
Go, go to the cinema, watch a talk show, listen to a concert, play a script, and even eat a hot pot … Since last year, with the revival of cinema popularity, the diversified "opening" ways of cinemas have attracted attention. Why do cinemas create consumption scenes other than watching movies? What does "Cinema Plus" bring to cinemas?
Beyond the film, add new "drama"
Many people have long been used to buying popcorn and drinks and eating snacks while watching movies. The reporter heard that you can eat hot pot while watching movies at Sanke Cinema in Renhengcang Street, Suzhou, so he planned to have a taste. When the "Taobao Film" App was opened at 4pm on January 13th, the reporter found that there were 14 groups of seats for two in the hot pot hall of this cinema, and tickets were purchased by groups, including a movie ticket of 68 yuan and a set meal of "Guixiang Sour Soup for Two" of 258 yuan. At noon the next day, there was only one group of double seats on the edge, and there were three groups of seats left in the afternoon. At 3 pm on the 14th, when the reporter walked into the hot pot hall 25 minutes before the opening ceremony, he found that the hot pot was ready on the table in front of the seat, and snacks, leeks, staple food and drinks had been served. There is a small lamp on the table and a service bell with buttons such as menu and water addition. Each group of seats is quite far apart, so you can eat hot pot and communicate in a low voice without worrying about affecting others.
Before the movie starts, the hot pot set meal is ready. Hongye
Ma Honglei, supervisor of Sanke Yinghua Cinema Suzhou Renhengcang Street Store, said that Sanke Cinema has settled in Beijing, Shanghai, Chengdu and other places. The store in Suzhou opened in early December last year, with a hot pot hall and two dining halls. You can watch movies without ordering, but the guests basically order, so you should buy good tickets early. Eating while watching movies is a new form, which has high expectations of the audience and also tests the service level of cinemas. The waiter will try his best to deliver all the meals before the movie starts, and will enter the venue as soon as the bell rings.
There are still a few cinemas that change their "posture" of watching movies, and more cinemas are innovating in service items. Since the live broadcast of basketball games, the "Cinema Plus" exploration of Wuxi World Studios has gradually increased to talk shows, concerts, screenplays, exhibitions and other activities. Wuxi Jinyi Studios Huiju Store staged five talk shows, two concerts and six children’s dramas last year. Allergy Hua, head of the marketing department of the studio, told reporters that last year, Jinyi Huiju Store signed a contract with Shanghai Zhitong Culture Communication Co., Ltd., and Shanghai Zhitong made a children’s drama performance plan. After the two sides finalized the performance time, they applied for approval. In order to present a better performance effect, Shanghai Children’s Home has also invested in the renovation of a screening hall, which will be used as a special performance hall for children’s dramas, and movies can still be shown in free time.
Not only has the role of the projection hall changed, but the cinema has also added other functional spaces. In the lobby of IMAX Super Studios in suzhou bay Studios, the reporter saw rows of tall bookshelves. Lu Changjun, executive director of Suzhou Impression Film Co., Ltd., the construction party of the studio, introduced that the lobby is about 500 square meters, the book bar accounts for more than 300 square meters, and there are more than 3,000 books. Books are not for sale. If customers want to take them away, just let the staff know. There is no need to register or return them.
Yancheng Cinema, which was founded in 1956, was upgraded to a public cultural space integrating multifunctional theater, exhibition space, humanities bookstore, trendy cultural creation and coffee and tea sales in August 2022, and its name was changed to "Yancheng Cinema 1956 Star Theater". Last year, drama, talk show, children’s drama, immersive drama and other forms of performances were presented here.
In August last year, Jindi Shangdu Store of China Film Oriental Studios in Xuzhou cooperated with the district library to set up the "Shadow Branch Library", which was loaned and returned to the municipal and district libraries and became one of the first four "scholarly cinemas" in the city.
Attracting passenger flow and coping with homogeneous competition
Why do cinemas take the "Cinema Plus" route one after another?
A number of cinema managers told reporters that cinemas are highly dependent on schedules and films, and it is often hard to get a ticket when there are popular schedules and movies, and vice versa. According to the data released by the Office of the National Film Industry Development Special Fund Management Committee on WeChat WeChat official account, in December last year, Jiangsu’s film box office was 360 million yuan, with 744,000 screenings and 8.983 million people watching movies. Calculated, an average of 12 people watched a movie, and one ticket averaged 40 yuan.
Allergic Hua said that relying on the box office is not a long-term strategy for the development of cinemas. Only by giving cinemas a variety of functions based on film screening can we attract more audiences to enter cinemas, make up for the impact brought by the schedule and effectively improve the ability of cinemas to resist market risks. Because the "Huiju" commercial body is mainly parent-child customers, in addition to performing children’s dramas, her cinema plans to plan more parent-child activities.
Song Jun, president of Xuzhou Film Association, told reporters that the "scholarly cinema" was built because the crowds watching movies and reading books are highly coincident, and citizens can use their spare time to read books while waiting for the movie, which not only makes it convenient for readers to borrow and return books and make up for the lack of closing the library at night, but also increases the popularity and vitality of the cinema and realizes the resource sharing and win-win cooperation between the cinema and the library. Since last year, the Propaganda Department of Xuzhou Municipal Committee and the Municipal Press and Publication Bureau have launched a voluntary pairing between cinemas and bookstores, and guided more people watching movies into bookstores and reading people into cinemas through mutual recognition of members, book coupons for watching movies, and book purchases. Many cinemas in Xuzhou have also upgraded the original "300-seat" cinema to create an environment suitable for small theater performances. Only by actively adapting to the times, adapting to the market, amplifying comprehensive cultural functions and meeting people’s diverse cultural consumption needs can cinemas attract more customers and convert non-cinema attendance into cinema attendance.
"Cinema Plus" is also the result of competition. The reporter learned from the Provincial Film Bureau that 80 cinemas and 450 screens were added in Jiangsu last year, including 23 cinemas and 79 screens in towns and villages. By the end of last year, there were 1,232 cinemas, 7,738 screens and 1.025 million seats in the province. Li Jun, the marketing director of Wuxi Great World Studios, said frankly that on the one hand, the cinema’s single role of staying in the film screening place cannot meet the needs of consumers; On the other hand, the industry urgently needs self-innovation, solves the serious problem of homogenization competition, and promotes the quality and efficiency of operation through the implementation of new business models.
Lu Changjun said: "Online and offline surveys have found that at present, audiences are increasingly willing to pay for quality, paying more attention to quality rather than ticket prices, but now there are too many homogeneous cinemas and there is a lack of high-quality cinemas. Therefore, we enhance consumers’ experience through design creativity and hardware facilities, and create a third living place independent of home and office, so that consumers can feel a different film culture space, thus enhancing their competitiveness. "
Zhou Kai, PhD supervisor and professor of Nanjing University and president of Nanjing Film Association, analyzed that the "Cinema Plus" model has some helpless factors, but it reflects the positive adjustment of cinemas in the current market situation and is an innovative coping strategy.
There is a way to innovate, and the main business still needs to be adhered to.
Did "Cinema Plus" realize the expectation of increasing passenger flow? Zhang Jun, manager of nanjing xinjiekou Wanda Studios, told reporters that talk show was introduced in June 2022. Last year, he obviously felt that the audience’s enthusiasm was rising, and there were old fans, new faces and many foreign tourists. The frequency of talk shows changed from once a week to once a day, with an average attendance rate of about 70%. In Xuzhou China Film Oriental Studios Jindi Shangdu Store, since the talk show started in November last year, there have been performances on Friday and Saturday, and almost all the venues are full. Yancheng Cinema 1956 Star Theater introduced many famous dramas that are hard to get a ticket from other places, invited famous domestic groups such as Mahua FunAge and gulou west, and also welcomed many foreign audiences, with an average attendance rate of over 85%.
What is the economic benefit of "Cinema Plus"? Zhai Jingshuang, manager of Jindi Shangdu Store of China Film Oriental Studios, revealed that in 2022, the box office revenue was about 2.5 million yuan, and the number of people watching movies reached 70,000. In 2023, the box office revenue exceeded 7 million yuan and the number of people watching movies increased to 170,000. Song Jun analyzed that in 2023, the average box office of Xuzhou cinema increased by about 30% compared with that in 2022, and the cinema increased by three times. Apart from the factors of film market recovery, the exploration of diversified formats also contributed.
In Wuxi Jinyi Studios Huiju Store, the average audience of children’s drama performance is about 120, and the attendance rate is over 80%. The income of children’s drama is basically the same as that of showing movies. In addition to a signing partner, there are three or four children’s drama production units consulting cooperation matters.
Wuxi Jinyi Studios Huiju Store staged a children’s drama. (Photo courtesy of the interviewee)
In 2023, the total revenue of IMAX Super Studios in suzhou bay Studios is about 15 million yuan, of which more than 10 million yuan is box office revenue. Lu Changjun said: "Some cinemas may not have many audiences on weekdays, but there are many people here on weekdays and holidays. This kind of achievement is a’ head’ in the theater. "
In the Litchi Store of Happiness Blue Ocean International Studios, "non-ticket" revenue accounted for nearly 40%. Dong Lu, general manager of the store, said that from exhibitions to concerts to birthday parties and adult ceremonies, they have been exploring diversified operations and providing "through-train" services such as venue, catering, setting planning and hosting photography. The "personal tailor" project has become the norm.
How does "Cinema+"avoid homogenization? Song Jun believes that different cinemas choose to increase different formats according to regional location and surrounding resources. For example, cinemas in the city center can increase entertainment activities such as concerts, talk shows and folk music concerts, and cinemas in administrative districts can increase conference services, while those in communities are suitable for holding more parent-child activities.
Dong Lu will realize that the attempt of "cinema+"should also be innovative. Last March, they introduced a shadow play performance, which attracted many audiences. The interactive science drama Fantasy Physics Show, which was launched last summer vacation, stimulated children’s imagination and guided scientific thinking, and was also very popular. Dong Lu said that although creativity is easy to be copied, it is still the king of "cinema+"to actively go ahead and ensure the diversity of performance quality and types.
In Zhou Kai’s view, under the division of labor system in modern society, the cross-industry ability of cinemas is relatively limited, and there is also a lack of corresponding brand effect. For example, catering projects in cinemas may be difficult to compete with catering giants. If the cinema is simply regarded as a multi-functional cultural complex, it is not a sustainable business strategy to introduce the consumption items unrelated to the film and stack the items continuously. Zhou Kai believes that the core competitiveness of cinemas mainly lies in its strong film culture atmosphere. Therefore, the "cinema+"model should be closely centered on movies, and make full use of film culture to empower the development of cross-industry projects. For example, consider the project of "script killing" based on the creation of released films, or selling products such as food and clothing appearing in films, so as to turn the cinema into a miniature movie theme park, create a consumption experience closer to the film culture, and thus enhance the core competitiveness of the cinema.
The relevant person in charge in Jiangsu said that many cinemas in Jiangsu tried to introduce innovative operation modes, increase consumption scenes and formats, and while providing consumers with richer experience content, they also improved the utilization rate of cinemas in non-prime time and broadened the "non-ticket" income channels. Cinema operators also need to pay attention to the fact that "Cinema Plus" is a blend of culture and culture, and cinemas should always focus on film screening. New formats cannot destroy consumers’ viewing experience, and other formats must also be legal and compliant.
The Socialism with Chinese characteristics system is a great achievement made by the Party leading the people through long-term exploration, and an important support to promote the modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity, with strong vitality and great superiority. The Fourth Plenary Session of the 19th CPC Central Committee emphasized that it is necessary to "uphold and improve the fundamental system, basic system and important system that support Socialism with Chinese characteristics’s system" and "better transform China’s institutional advantages into the effectiveness of state governance". The system is fundamental, overall, stable and long-term, and the institutional advantage is the fundamental advantage of Socialism with Chinese characteristics. To give full play to the institutional advantage and realize effective governance, we must grasp four key links.
Strengthen institutional self-confidence
Institutional self-confidence stems from the rational identification and persistent belief in the system, which is an important social and psychological basis for the development of institutional advantages. Only when most members of society enhance institutional identification and strengthen institutional self-confidence, can all systems be consciously observed, strictly implemented and earnestly maintained, and institutional advantages can be better transformed into governance efficiency.
Guide people to fully understand the remarkable advantages of the Socialism with Chinese characteristics system. Since the founding of New China, the Party has led the people to make great achievements in socialist construction and created "China Miracles" one after another. From "poor and white" to the second largest economy in the world, it has created a miracle of economic growth; From "no tractor can be built" to a world manufacturing power, it has created a miracle of scientific and technological development; From insufficient food and clothing to a well-off society in an all-round way, it has created a miracle of improving people’s livelihood; The incidence of rural poverty dropped from 97.5% in 1978 to 1.7% in 2018, creating an anti-poverty miracle; On the road of modernization, it took China 70 years to complete the journey that the western countries have traveled for hundreds of years, and maintained long-term social stability, creating a miracle in the history of modernization. Numerous "China Miracles" have highlighted the remarkable advantages of the Socialism with Chinese characteristics system and outlined the trajectory of the Chinese nation’s leap from standing up and becoming rich to becoming strong. Practice has proved that the Socialism with Chinese characteristics system is an important guarantee for the development and progress of contemporary China. Theoretical workers should strengthen institutional research and theoretical propaganda, deeply interpret the "institutional code" of socialist construction achievements, and strengthen the institutional confidence of the whole party and society.
Guide people to deeply understand the theoretical basis of Socialism with Chinese characteristics system. Socialism with Chinese characteristics system is the product of combining the basic principles of Marxism with the concrete reality of China, and the result of the long-term evolution of China’s institutional civilization. It has a profound historical accumulation and cultural foundation, meets the needs of China’s social development, and has won the support of people of all ethnic groups. In contemporary China, apart from the Socialism with Chinese characteristics system, no other system can effectively solve the governance problem of China. Any copying of other countries’ institutional models will make China fall into the whirlpool of governance dilemma and confuse China. Strengthening institutional self-confidence means explaining to the whole party and society the inevitability and rationality of the existence of Socialism with Chinese characteristics’s fundamental system, basic system and important system, and guiding people to deeply understand the truth that only relying on Socialism with Chinese characteristics system can create a better life, realize national modernization and realize the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.
Strengthen institutional awareness
Ideas determine attitudes, and thoughts determine behavior. Only when a person respects and respects the system in his heart can he have the consciousness of obeying the system. Only when a society firmly establishes the system consciousness can it give the system authority, and the system can better play a positive role in resolving contradictions, building order and guiding behavior in national governance.
Strengthen the awareness of rules in handling affairs according to the system. System consciousness, first of all, is the rule consciousness of doing things according to the system. System is a kind of behavior rule, and it is the most important rule in political and social life. Only with rules can we form a square. The Supreme Leader General Secretary emphasized: "The key to governing a country and a society is to establish rules, stress rules and abide by rules." The fundamental requirement of obeying the rules is to consciously abide by the system and earnestly safeguard it. Its important premise is to firmly establish a sense of rules in handling affairs according to the system. Only by paying attention to the system and respecting the rules ideologically can we achieve that our behavior will not cross the line and exceed the rules. It is necessary to strengthen institutional education, guide every party member and every citizen to strengthen the awareness of rules, form the habit of doing things according to the system, and be a conscious follower and firm defender of the system. It is necessary to give play to the disciplinary function of the system, so that acts that violate the rules and break the rules will be punished as they should, and the consciousness of the whole party and society to abide by the rules of the system will be enhanced.
Strengthen the thinking mode of using the system to solve problems. Xiao Zhi’s rule of affairs, great wisdom and effective governance of the country require not only the whole party and society to consciously abide by the rules of the system, but also party committees, governments and the masses at all levels to be good at using the system to solve the problems they face. Socialism with Chinese characteristics system is a scientific system formed by the Party and people in long-term practice and exploration. It is an institutional arrangement that is suitable for China’s national conditions and has distinctive China characteristics. It provides an important guarantee for national governance and basic norms for the orderly operation of society. No matter party member, leading cadres or ordinary people, they should think and do things on the institutional track and pay attention to the positive functions of the system. Ordinary people should learn to express their interests reasonably and legally through institutional channels, be good at using the system to solve interest disputes and safeguard their legitimate rights and interests; Leading cadres at all levels should regard the system as an important means of social governance, the basic basis for promoting all work and the fundamental way to solve problems, be good at using the system to deal with contradictions among the people, realize and safeguard the fundamental interests of the people, and promote economic and social development. Similarly, party committees and governments at all levels must also strengthen the thinking mode of using the system to solve problems and promote various undertakings on the track of the system.
Maintain institutional authority
If the system is to be strictly implemented, it must have authority. Institutional authority, based on jurisprudence, is a reliable guarantee for the orderly operation of a country ruled by law. Once institutional authority is destroyed, the rule of law cannot become the basic way of state governance, and the country will fall into the quagmire of inefficient governance and social disorder. To transform institutional advantages into governance efficiency, the whole party and society must consciously safeguard institutional authority.
Ensure the rigid constraints of the system. Only when the system becomes a rigid constraint can it gain people’s heartfelt support and sincere belief and have authority. To ensure the rigid restraint of the system, first, we must ensure that the system is implemented. Once the system is formulated, it must be implemented. We must never turn the system into a "scarecrow". We must make all systems work effectively, implement the system provisions, and realize the management of power, work according to the system, and people by the system. Second, we must maintain the seriousness of the system. The system is a hard constraint, not a "rubber band". We must ensure that everyone is equal before the system and abide by the system without exception. We must never allow "flexibility" or privilege in violation of the system, and we must never allow "secret doors" or "skylight" outside the system. Third, we should punish the "sword" by hanging high. We must resolutely crack down on the behavior of stepping on the "red line" of the system, crossing the "bottom line" of the system and breaking into the "minefield" of the system, and we will never tolerate it and guard against the "broken window effect". On the basis of ensuring the rigid constraint of the system, leading cadres at all levels should play the role of "leading geese" to drive the whole party and society to consciously respect the system and safeguard its authority.
Promote system reform and improvement. To have authority, the system must be a scientific system that meets the needs of practice and is effective. Socialism with Chinese characteristics system is a scientific system that meets the needs of China society, so it can establish institutional authority, but it does not mean that this system will no longer have room for development and perfection. On the contrary, if we want to effectively safeguard the authority of the Socialism with Chinese characteristics system, we must constantly promote the reform and improvement of this system according to the development of practice. On the one hand, we should correctly understand the relationship between institutional self-confidence and institutional perfection. The Supreme Leader’s General Secretary emphasized: "Institutional self-confidence is not self-esteem and self-satisfaction, nor is it a standstill, but a unity of firm institutional self-confidence and continuous reform and innovation." Only by promoting institutional reform and improvement can we have reason to strengthen institutional confidence. On the other hand, we must always adhere to the people’s position in the system reform. The Socialism with Chinese characteristics system is the people’s choice, which embodies the people’s will and fundamental interests. Only by advancing the system reform from the people’s position can the system be sincerely supported by the people and the authority of the system be effectively safeguarded.
Strict system implementation
The vitality of the system lies in implementation, and the advantages of the system can only be reflected in implementation. No matter how good the system is, if it is not implemented, it will exist in name only, and the virtual system is more harmful than no system, because the virtual system not only makes the society fall into the chaos without system, but also indulges the behavior of trampling on the system, which will greatly damage the authority of the system. To give full play to the advantages of Socialism with Chinese characteristics’s system, we must effectively improve the system execution of Party committees and governments at all levels and leading cadres at all levels, and ensure that all systems are strictly implemented.
Improve the authoritative and efficient system implementation mechanism. National governance depends on system, system implementation depends on mechanism, and authoritative and efficient system implementation mechanism is the fundamental guarantee to improve system implementation. First, improve the ideological guidance mechanism of system implementation, guide people to deeply understand the great significance of Socialism with Chinese characteristics system in promoting national governance, realizing national rejuvenation and enhancing people’s well-being, unify thoughts and actions with the decision-making and deployment of the CPC Central Committee, consciously maintain a high degree of consistency with the CPC Central Committee with the Supreme Leader as the core in ideological and political actions, and enhance the consciousness and firmness of implementing the system. The second is to improve the organization and leadership mechanism of system implementation, strengthen the party’s leadership over system implementation, effectively improve the system implementation of leading cadres, and give play to the leadership advantages of the party and the exemplary and backbone role of leading cadres at all levels in system implementation. The third is to improve the cooperative linkage mechanism of system implementation, strengthen the work coordination among departments, get through the "middle obstruction" and smooth the "microcirculation", form a system implementation situation with smooth communication, mutual cooperation and up-and-down linkage, and improve the efficiency of system implementation. The fourth is to improve the accountability mechanism for system implementation. We must resolutely investigate and deal with acts of slacking, making choices and discounting in the process of system implementation, and seriously pursue the responsibility, so as to put an end to chaos, abuse, inaction and slowness, and ensure that the system is implemented in place.
Strengthen supervision over the implementation of the system. After the establishment of the system, cadres are the decisive factor. Whether the Socialism with Chinese characteristics system can be strictly implemented and whether the institutional advantages can be transformed into governance efficiency depends on cadres. The key to strengthening the supervision of system implementation is to strengthen the supervision of cadres and improve the quality and efficiency of system implementation. It is necessary to urge the broad masses of cadres to strengthen the responsibility of system implementation, improve the system consciousness, and actively contribute wisdom and strength to the modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity. It is necessary to urge the broad masses of cadres to perform their duties, exercise their powers and carry out their work in strict accordance with the system, improve the system’s execution and governance capabilities, and actively contribute to the overall layout of the "five in one" and the coordinated promotion of the "four comprehensive" strategic layout. It is necessary to urge the broad masses of cadres to carry out the system to the letter, set an example for the broad masses, creatively implement the system, and promote the continuous self-improvement and development of Socialism with Chinese characteristics’s system to maintain its vitality forever.
(Author: Peng Zhengde, Liu Zelan, both special researchers of Hunan Normal University Base, Socialism with Chinese characteristics Theoretical System Research Center, Hunan Province)
CCTV News:On the 14th, despite the opposition of the international community, the United States moved its embassy in Israel from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem and held an opening ceremony in Jerusalem.
The move of the United States to the museum triggered large-scale protests and demonstrations by the Palestinian people, and clashed with Israeli soldiers in many places in the Palestinian-Israeli region. According to Palestinian Ministry of Health officials, at least 59 Palestinians have been killed and more than 2,800 injured in the conflict, which is the largest number of Palestinian deaths in a single day since the Gaza War in 2014.
Image source network
On 14th, the US Embassy in Israel held an opening ceremony in Jerusalem. Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, US Deputy Secretary of State Sullivan, Finance Minister Mnuchin, Trump’s daughter-in-law and others attended the opening ceremony. Earlier, Israel invited all 86 countries with diplomatic missions in Israel to attend the opening ceremony, but in the end only 33 countries confirmed their attendance.
At the same time as the opening ceremony, a large number of Palestinians and Arab Israelis gathered outside the US Embassy to strongly protest against the opening of the US Embassy in Israel in Jerusalem and physical clashes with Israeli military and police. A large number of police surrounded the protesters, and some protesters were arrested by the police.
Ahmed, an Arab Israeli Knesset member, said: "We clearly say that Jerusalem is the capital of Palestine and Israel should end its occupation of Jerusalem. The United States should not support Israel, and its approach is right ‘ The two-state plan ’ A fatal blow. "
Not only in Jerusalem, but also in many places in the Palestinian-Israeli region. Among them, the conflict between Gaza Strip and Israel is the most serious, with tens of thousands of Palestinians and Israeli soldiers having fierce clashes. Some demonstrators burned tires and threw stones at Israel. Israeli soldiers stationed at the border fired back and dispatched drones to throw tear gas at the protesters.
The Israeli military then stated that "the Israeli-Palestinian border was not damaged and infiltrated by Palestinians that day", and the Israeli military accused Hamas of planning the Palestinian "infiltration" action against Israel. In response, the Israeli military also attacked the Hamas target in the northern part of Gaza that day.
The United Nations is concerned about the relocation of the US Museum and the Palestinian-Israeli conflict.
On 14th, the United Nations expressed serious concern about the move of the American Embassy in Israel from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem, which triggered a large-scale conflict between Palestine and Israel. In addition, Russia, France, Britain and other aspects also expressed their opposition to the behavior of the United States.
Guterres also issued a statement through his spokesman on the same day, calling on Israeli security forces to exercise maximum restraint when using force, especially lethal weapons. He also called on Hamas and the leaders of protests and demonstrations to prevent all acts of violence and provocation. Guterres said that the status of Jerusalem must be resolved through consultations between relevant parties.
On the same day, Russian Foreign Minister Lavrov said that Russia believes that the move of the US embassy to Jerusalem is negative, and the Palestinian-Israeli issue can only be resolved through direct dialogue between Palestine and Israel.
Russian Foreign Minister Lavrov
In addition, French Foreign Minister Le Drian issued a communique on the 14th, saying that France opposed the move of the US embassy in Israel to Jerusalem, which ran counter to the relevant resolutions of the UN Security Council and the UN General Assembly. Le Drian called on all parties to shoulder their responsibilities and seek a political solution to the Palestinian-Israeli issue in the face of intensified conflicts and regional tensions.
British Foreign Secretary Boris Johnson also said that the United States played the wrong card at the wrong time when it moved its embassy in Israel to Jerusalem. Britain opposes this practice of the United States.
Turkey will recall its ambassadors to Washington and Tel Aviv
Turkey announced on the 14th that it would recall its ambassadors to Washington and Tel Aviv in order to protest that the United States moved its embassy in Israel to Jerusalem despite the opposition of the international community and caused the death of nearly 60 Palestinians. In addition, the Turkish government also announced a three-day mourning for the Palestinians killed in the recent conflict from the 15th.
On the same day, Turkish President Erdogan said in London that the violence committed by Israeli military police against Palestinians that day was a "massacre". Erdogan said that Turkey will not sit idly by and watch this massacre.
Turkish President Erdogan
Middle East countries accuse the United States of undermining the Palestinian-Israeli peace process.
A stone stirs up a thousand waves — — On 14th, Lebanon, Iran, Jordan, Egypt and other countries in the Middle East expressed their opposition to the US move, and condemned the US move for undermining the Palestinian-Israeli peace process.
Lebanese Foreign Minister basil said in Brussels on 14th that the official relocation of the US embassy to Jerusalem will lead to more tension in the Middle East and may lead to more rampant extremist forces. Basil also admitted that the United States has broken its promise in the Middle East too many times, and today it has once again plunged the Middle East into crisis.
In addition, the Iranian Foreign Minister said on social media that Israel killed Palestinians while the United States was celebrating the illegal embassy, which was shameful.
Jordanian government spokesman Mumani issued a statement saying that this act of the United States is a violation of the UN Charter and relevant UN Security Council resolutions. Jordan considers this action invalid and illegal.
Egypt’s Foreign Ministry warned that the dangerous escalation would have negative effects, and Egypt opposed Israel’s use of force against peaceful demonstrators fighting for legitimate rights.
Secretary-General of the League of Arab States Gheit also issued a statement saying that this move by the United States is very dangerous. He urged the international community, in accordance with international law, to avoid actions that hurt the Palestinian people and endanger the chances of a peaceful settlement of the Palestinian-Israeli conflict.
On the morning of July 21st, the Emergency Management Department held a press conference to report the natural disasters and the situation of safe production in the first half of the year. According to reports, in the first half of 2022, natural disasters in China were mainly floods, winds and geological disasters, and various natural disasters caused a total of 39.143 million people to be affected; In addition, in the first half of the year, the problem of illegal construction in the field of housing construction was prominent, and underground construction operations and gas explosion accidents occurred frequently.
At the same time, in response to the National Comprehensive Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Plan (hereinafter referred to as the Plan) recently issued by the National Disaster Reduction Committee, the relevant person in charge answered the questions of the Beijing News reporter. In view of the shortcomings in the field of disaster prevention and mitigation in some cities in China, the Plan highlights emergency preparedness, disaster avoidance and other aspects, establishes and improves the linkage mechanism between meteorological disaster early warning and emergency response, such as "calling the responsible person", and takes measures such as stopping work and stopping school when necessary to avoid mass deaths and injuries.
The regional characteristics of disasters are obvious, and the disaster situation in the south is more serious than that in the north.
Shen Zhanli, spokesperson of the emergency management department and director of the news and publicity department, said that in the first half of 2022, floods, wind and hail and geological disasters were the main natural disasters in China, with 39.143 million people affected by various natural disasters, 178 people were killed and missing due to disasters, 1.282 million people were relocated urgently, 18,000 houses collapsed, and the affected area of crops was 36.189 million hectares, resulting in a direct economic loss of 88.81 billion yuan.
Shen Zhanli introduced that in the first half of the year, the regional characteristics of disasters in China were obvious. From January to April, the national disaster situation was relatively stable, and floods were more serious in May and June. On the whole, the disasters in the south were more serious than those in the north. The rainfall in the whole country is higher than that in the same period of normal years, with many rivers exceeding the police, heavy flood in the Pearl River basin, and geological disasters such as urban and rural waterlogging and mountain torrents in many places in the south, which have caused great losses to agriculture, industry, mining, commerce and infrastructure.
In addition, there were 19 strong convective weather processes in China, which was less than the average of the same period in the past five years. There were many wind and hail disasters, and local lightning strikes caused casualties. Staged droughts have occurred in South China, North China and Northwest China, which have affected local agricultural production.
The problem of illegal construction in the field of housing construction is prominent, and gas explosion accidents occur frequently.
Shen Zhanli introduced that in the first half of the year, there were 11,076 production safety accidents and 8,870 deaths, and the situation of production safety was generally stable, showing the characteristics of "three declines", that is, the total number of production safety accidents, major accidents and major accidents decreased year-on-year. However, accidents occur frequently in some regions and industries, and the situation of safe production is still severe and complicated.
"Geographically, the number of major accidents and deaths in Xinjiang, Xizang, Chongqing, Gansu, Qinghai and Liaoning increased’ double’ year-on-year, and serious accidents occurred in Guizhou, Liaoning and Hunan." Shen Zhanli said.
From the perspective of industry, the problem of illegal construction in the field of residential construction was prominent in the first half of the year. The "1.3" major landslide accident occurred in the project site of Jinhaihu New District of the First People’s Hospital of Bijie City, Guizhou Province, and the "4.29" particularly serious collapse accident of residents’ self-built houses in Wangcheng District of Changsha City, Hunan Province. Underground construction and gas explosion accidents occurred frequently. Accidents in the mining field have decreased, but the problem of illegal mining is prominent, especially the "2.25" major roof accident in Sanhe Shunxun Coal Mine, Southwest Guizhou Province, which killed 14 people, and the "3.2" gas overrun accident in Limin Coal Mine, qingzhen city, Guiyang City, which killed 8 people and injured 13 people. The impact is extremely bad.
In addition, accidents of chemical and dangerous chemicals have increased, industrial transfer projects and old devices have repeatedly occurred, and some chemical enterprises have violated laws and regulations in production and operation, and safety risks in hot work and inspection and maintenance are prominent. There are many accidents in the transportation industry, and the safety risks of civil aviation railways, water transportation and fishing vessels are prominent. There are many major accidents involving more than 10 people in road transportation. Some industrial and trade enterprises have frequent fire accidents, and the risk of "small fire killing people" in small business places is greater.
The critical period of "Seven Downs and Eight Ups" flood control is complicated and severe, and the north enters the main rainy season.
At present, it is the critical period of flood control. Zhang Jiatuan, Emergency Command Commissioner of the Emergency Management Department, said that "seven downs and eight ups" generally refers to the time from the second half of July to the first half of August every year.
"During this period, the western Pacific subtropical high will often be lifted to the highest position, and the north of China will enter the main rainy season, and the south, such as South China and the southeast coast, may enter the typhoon active period. During this period, a wide range of heavy rainfall processes often occur, causing serious floods. Especially in the northern region, this problem is particularly prominent, such as the "July 20" torrential rain disaster in Zhengzhou last year and the torrential rain disaster in Xingtai, Hebei Province in 2016. Therefore, this period is the most prominent stage of flood disaster risk in China. " Zhang Jiatuan said.
According to the forecast, during the "Seven Downs and Eight Ups" this year, the main rain area in China is in the north, and serious floods may occur in Songhua River, Huaihe River and other basins, and local floods may occur in Haihe River, including the lower reaches of Liaohe River and Yellow River, and in the west of Pearl River Basin. In addition, there is less precipitation in Jiangnan, South China and parts of northwest China, and summer drought may occur in some places in East China and Central China. There may be 1-2 landing typhoons, and the path is mainly westbound. Generally speaking, the situation of flood control and drought relief this year is more complicated and severe.
Zhang Jiatuan introduced that the National Defense General Office and the Emergency Management Department further urged all localities to implement the main responsibilities of the flood control and disaster relief party committees and governments, and compacted the responsibilities to the end of the grassroots. In particular, we will urge the responsible persons at all levels to go deep into the front line and command from the front, and organize hidden dangers investigation, emergency rescue, mass transfer, disaster relief and other work. We will implement the "call-to-answer" mechanism for immediate disasters, strengthen the linkage between early warning and emergency response, and move forward the threshold for emergency response.
At the same time, attach great importance to the possible "summer drought", timely judge the drought risk, refine the drought relief plan, and urge all localities to strengthen water resources management and scientific allocation. The difficulty of drinking water in dry areas should be investigated door by door, and the drought-resistant team equipment should be implemented in advance to ensure the safety of drinking water.
The accuracy of rainstorm forecast and early warning during the 14 th Five-Year Plan period reached 90%
At the press conference, the relevant person in charge interpreted the contents of the National Comprehensive Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Plan issued by the National Disaster Reduction Committee recently.
Chen Sheng, Director of the Monitoring and Disaster Reduction Department of the Emergency Management Department, introduced that the overall goal of the Plan anchors the 14th Five-Year Plan for China’s national economic and social development and the outline of the long-term goal in 2035. From the first stage to 2025, a natural disaster prevention and control system with overall planning and high efficiency, clear responsibilities, combination of prevention and control, social participation and coordination with high-quality economic and social development will be basically established; In the second stage, we will strive to basically modernize the natural disaster prevention and control system and prevention and control capacity by 2035, and the prevention and response to major disasters will be more powerful, orderly and effective.
The Plan requires that the national comprehensive risk database of natural disasters be built, and a comprehensive risk map and a prevention and control zoning map be compiled. The public coverage rate of early warning information will reach 90%, and the annual death rate due to disasters per million people will be controlled within 1, and the average number of people affected by disasters per 100,000 people will be less than 15,000, so as to minimize disaster risks.
"The" Planning "requires that a central disaster relief material reserve be added around efficient disaster relief, and the linkage between early warning and emergency response should be strengthened, so that the basic livelihood of the affected people can be effectively rescued within 10 hours of the disaster. In addition, popular science education on disaster prevention and mitigation is widely carried out, and there is at least one disaster information officer in every village (community) in urban and rural areas across the country. " Chen Sheng said.
Deng Shizhong, deputy director of the Emergency Disaster Reduction and Public Service Department of China Meteorological Bureau, said that China is one of the countries with the most serious meteorological disasters in the world, and meteorological and derivative disasters account for more than 70% of natural disasters. Meteorological disaster prevention and mitigation is the focus of natural disaster prevention.
During the "Fourteenth Five-Year Plan" period, the meteorological department will basically build an intelligent forecasting system with seamless and full coverage. The accuracy of rainstorm forecasting and early warning will reach 90%, and the early warning time of severe convective weather will exceed 45 minutes. Strengthen the construction of the national emergency early warning information release system, realize that the early warning information reaches the responsible persons of disaster prevention and mitigation at all levels within 5 minutes, and the public coverage rate of early warning information reaches over 90%.
The emergency management department replied to the Beijing News: The Plan highlights disaster avoidance and takes measures such as suspension of work and school when necessary.
At the meeting, a reporter from the Beijing News asked what special arrangements and arrangements had been made for the "Planning" in view of the shortcomings exposed in the response to major natural disasters such as the "July 20" torrential rain disaster in Zhengzhou, Henan Province.
Chen Sheng introduced that in recent years, extreme weather disasters have occurred frequently in China. In the practice of preventing and responding to major natural disasters, there are many shortcomings and deficiencies in the field of disaster prevention and mitigation in some cities in China.
To this end, the "Planning" proposes to highlight emergency preparedness and strengthen the capacity building for disaster prevention and response. We will revise and improve emergency plans in extreme cases such as road disconnection, power outage and network disconnection, and strengthen all-round preparations such as presetting key rescue forces, dispatching materials and equipment, and post-disaster rescue and recovery. Highlight risk zoning and strengthen the source control of various disasters. Incorporate safety and resilience, disaster risk assessment, etc. into the requirements of national spatial planning, compile and revise disaster risk maps and comprehensive prevention and control zoning maps, scientifically delineate disaster risk areas and control lines, and promote the rational planning and construction layout of urban and rural infrastructure and public service facilities.
At the same time, infrastructure construction should be highlighted to improve the level of natural disaster prevention. In combination with strengthening infrastructure construction and implementing the strategy of expanding domestic demand, nine disaster prevention and mitigation projects with strong foundation, increased functions and long-term benefits will be deployed in three aspects: monitoring and early warning, emergency rescue and comprehensive support. Highlight disaster avoidance and strengthen the linkage between early warning and response. Formulate standards and norms such as disaster monitoring, forecasting and early warning, establish and improve the linkage mechanism between meteorological disaster early warning and emergency response such as "calling for response" by responsible persons, strengthen the implementation of social control measures, and take rigid measures such as suspension of work, suspension of school, suspension of business, suspension of service, suspension of assembly and traffic control when necessary to avoid mass deaths and injuries.
In addition, publicity and guidance should be highlighted to create a good atmosphere for the whole society to participate in disaster prevention and mitigation. Work hard on the construction of popular science education system for disaster prevention and mitigation, cultivate a group of national and provincial backbone propaganda forces for disaster prevention and mitigation, develop a group of case bases for major disasters, create a number of online and offline training courses, and build a number of research and exchange bases for disaster prevention and mitigation, so as to increase the interpretation and warning education of typical cases and improve the risk awareness and emergency response ability of cadres and the masses.
Recently, the Outline of the Development Plan of the Yangtze River Economic Belt (hereinafter referred to as the "Planning Outline") was officially issued. So far, the top-level designs of the three national strategies ("Belt and Road", coordinated development of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, and the Yangtze River Economic Belt) have all been released.
What is the development orientation of the Yangtze River Economic Belt? What is the strategic significance for China’s economic development? This newspaper interviewed many experts to interpret this programmatic document.
Ecological priority is the most important breakthrough.
The person in charge of the office of the leading group for promoting the development of the Yangtze River Economic Belt said that the basic idea of the development of the Yangtze River Economic Belt is ecological priority and green development, rather than encouraging a new round of large-scale development. This is the most important requirement of the strategy of the Yangtze River Economic Belt and the starting point and foothold of planning.
Liu Yanping, an associate researcher in national academy of economic strategy, said that ecological priority is one of the most important breakthroughs in the Planning Outline. "In the past, the planning focused more on economic development, but this" Planning Outline "is a collection of ‘ Five development concepts ’ In one. "
Wu Xiaohua, vice president of the Macroeconomic Research Institute of the National Development and Reform Commission, said that putting the restoration of the ecological environment of the Yangtze River in an overwhelming position can force the Yangtze River Economic Belt to accelerate the transformation of its economic development mode and take the lead in embarking on a green, low-carbon and circular development path.
Focusing on the requirements of ecological priority, the Planning Outline puts forward four strategic orientations of the Yangtze River Economic Belt: the pioneering demonstration belt of ecological civilization construction, the innovation-driven belt leading the national transformation and development, the inland river economic belt with global influence, and the coordinated development belt of interaction and cooperation between East and West.
It is understood that the Yangtze River Economic Belt covers 11 provinces and cities such as Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui, Jiangxi, Hubei, Hunan, Chongqing, Sichuan, Yunnan and Guizhou, covering an area of about 2.05 million square kilometers, accounting for 21% of the country, and its population and economic aggregate both exceed 40% of the country. It has an important ecological position, strong comprehensive strength and great development potential.
Form a strategic support belt that leads the country.
The person in charge of the Office of the Leading Group for Promoting the Development of the Yangtze River Economic Belt said that promoting the development of the Yangtze River Economic Belt has great practical significance and far-reaching historical significance.
In Liu Yanping’s view, the Yangtze River Economic Belt is the "Long Mai" of China’s economy, which is of great significance to the linkage of China’s economy from east to west and from north to south, and the two-way opening by sea and land. Moreover, the Yangtze River Economic Belt can radiate to Europe, West Asia and other places, and it also has important international significance.
Zhang Xiaode, deputy director of the Economic Department of the National School of Administration, said in an interview with this newspaper that the Yangtze River Economic Belt has always played a leading role in China’s economic development. It can be said that an important issue in the Planning Outline is how to make the Yangtze River Economic Belt continue to act as a "locomotive" under the background of China’s economic transformation and upgrading.
According to the person in charge of the Office of the Leading Group for Promoting the Development of the Yangtze River Economic Belt, one of the goals of the development of the Yangtze River Economic Belt is to form a strategic support belt that leads the national economic and social development.
In addition to the economic significance, Liu Yanping believes that promoting the development of the Yangtze River Economic Belt also bears the imprint of the revival of Chinese culture. The Yangtze River is the mother river of the Chinese nation and a zone rich in Chinese culture. The rise of the Yangtze River Economic Belt is representative of the rejuvenation of China.
Building a new pattern of land and sea planning and opening up
The person in charge of the Office of the Leading Group for Promoting the Development of the Yangtze River Economic Belt said that promoting the development of the Yangtze River Economic Belt is conducive to building a new corridor for land and sea two-way opening up and cultivating new advantages in international economic cooperation and competition. Then, how to build a new pattern of opening up in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, which is two-way from east to west and coordinated by land and sea?
The person in charge said that the first is to play a leading role in Shanghai and the Yangtze River Delta. Accelerate the replication and promotion of the reform and innovation experience of the Shanghai Pilot Free Trade Zone, and make the Shanghai Pilot Free Trade Zone a pioneering area for service trade innovation policies. Encourage Shanghai and the Yangtze River Delta region to focus on developing high-end industries, high value-added links and headquarters economy, accelerate the cultivation of new competitive advantages centered on technology, brand, quality and service, and take the lead in creating an upgraded version of the open economy. Promote the Yangtze River Delta and the middle and upper reaches to jointly build a chain of shipping, processing trade and financial cooperation. Take the lead in building a rule system that will lead the development of cross-border electronic commerce and international trade.
The second is to build Yunnan into a radiation center facing South Asia and Southeast Asia. Accelerate the interconnection with surrounding infrastructure and facilitate cross-border transportation. With Kunming as the center, we will build an import and export distribution network for South Asia and Southeast Asia to promote the development of processing trade, bonded logistics and cross-border electronic commerce. Accelerate the development of the experimental zone for comprehensive financial reform along the border in Yunnan and promote the construction of relevant key development and opening-up experimental zones.
The third is to speed up the construction of inland open economic highland. Promote regional interactive cooperation and industrial agglomeration development, and build an important support for the development and opening up of western Chongqing and inland open economic highlands such as Chengdu, Wuhan, Changsha, Nanchang and Hefei. We will improve the fulcrum layout of the ports in the middle and upper reaches, support the reasonable establishment of inspection sites that directly handle the entry and exit procedures of goods at major stations along the international railway cargo transportation and important inland ports, and support inland air ports to open more international passenger and cargo routes and flights.
