The bullet train that ran outside for 48 hours "went home" for maintenance. (Reporter wanglili)
Cctv news(Reporter wanglili) After 6: 30 pm every day, after 48 hours of running outside, the motor trains will return to Taiyuan EMU for routine maintenance and overhaul.
There are many departments in the EMU, such as electric workshop, communication workshop, dispatching and monitoring center, locomotive room, passenger room, cleaning room, etc. At this time, the work of Wang Xiaoxia, secretary of the Party branch of Taiyuan EMU on-board equipment workshop of Taiyuan Electric Section of China Railway Taiyuan Bureau Group Co., Ltd., who is responsible for the core equipment "train overspeed protection device" (hereinafter referred to as ATP), began.
On February 1st, the annual China Spring Festival travel rush was launched again. In the world’s largest population migration, which is expected to send 2.98 billion passengers, the number of passengers sent by railway is expected to reach 390 million.
As the first generation of emu repairman in China who grew up with emus, Wang Xiaoxia has been engaged in emu maintenance for eight years, and more than 4,000 emus have been overhauled by her hand.
"Taiyuan Railway Company has jurisdiction over five high-speed railway lines and 48 sets of motor trains. For high-speed motor trains with a top speed of more than 300 kilometers per hour, meticulous and rigorous maintenance work is the key to ensuring the safe operation of high-speed motor trains." Wang Xiaoxia said.
Maintenance of railway signalman changing to high-end bullet train
Wang Xiaoxia was born in a railway worker’s family. Living beside the railway since childhood, she has a natural affection for railway work. In 2007, after graduating from graduate school, she was assigned to taiyuan railway administration and became a railway signalman.
In 2009, Shitai Passenger Dedicated Line was opened, and the first batch of EMUs imported from taiyuan railway administration were put into operation. At that time, as one of the few female graduate students who overhauled high-speed rail equipment in the whole railway, Wang Xiaoxia changed from an ordinary signalman to a post to overhaul ATP of high-end bullet trains.
If the wheels of the emu are compared to the limbs and the engine to the heart, the on-board equipment is the brain, especially the ATP, the core component of the on-board equipment, is the central nervous system of the emu and can be called the black box of the emu.
In the interview, Kang Chunhui, deputy secretary of the Party Committee of Taifei Electric Power Department, said that ATP is responsible for receiving and processing a large amount of digital information, and the good operation and reliability of the equipment is equivalent to giving the EMU a "clairvoyance and clairvoyance". If there is a problem with ATP, the EMU will not be able to start running. Wang Xiaoxia’s workshop is responsible for the daily maintenance of ATP equipment of 48 operating EMUs, such as Daxi High-speed Railway, Shitaike Special Railway and Beijing-Guangzhou High-speed Railway.
"Brain Doctor" in the EMU
Wang Xiaoxia is testing high-speed trains. (Reporter wanglili)
At 18: 40 pm on February 1st, Taiyuan EMU Operation Station, a modern maintenance depot that can accommodate 12 high-speed trains at the same time, was brightly lit.
Driving during the day and overhauling at night are the processes of high-speed trains. The overhaul time is from 6 pm the day before to 7 am the next day, with the peak from 11 pm to 3 am the next day.
It is understood that the maintenance of a motor train needs the unified command of the dispatcher and can be completed within 2 hours under the coordinated operation of various positions.
"Nothing can go wrong in any link, just as nervous as fighting." Wang Xiaoxia’s work area is responsible for the ATP system maintenance of 24 motor trains. On the train, a set of cabinets called "system host" is the focus of their inspection. "It is the core equipment to ensure the safe operation of EMU. In case of abnormal situation, it will automatically alarm the driver. If the driver fails to follow the prompts, it will automatically control the train immediately to ensure the safe and stable stop of the train."
After the inspection on the train, Wang Xiaoxia has to drill into the inspection ditch to check the induction device at the bottom of the train. If you find something abnormal, deal with it urgently. If you can’t handle it, you can only detain the car the next day.
There are 40 employees in Wang Xiaoxia’s work area, all of whom are young guys and girls, who stay up all day and go out at night. Everyone jokingly said that they are "brain doctors" living "American time".
Now it seems that the work that is easy to master is far from so simple at the beginning. As a new thing that I just came into contact with in 2009, the equipment and testing equipment used on the train are all imported, and there are only several foreign languages that I need to understand. As a graduate student, Wang Xiaoxia is duty-bound to take on the responsibility of overcoming technical difficulties.
In the interaction with training teachers, manufacturers, motor train drivers and mechanics, Wang Xiaoxia gained more rich experience and practice. She said that "ensuring the safety of high-speed rail and passengers is foolproof" is not an abstract concept, but a concrete analysis, judgment, answer and guidance of all data.
"There are four types of ATP in the EMU attached to Taiyuan Bureau of High-speed Train, and the different types are very different. There are as many as 20 kinds of analysis and monitoring software needed for daily maintenance." Wang Xiaoxia said that their work is like running after the frontier of science and technology, and they dare not be sloppy and lax.
Innovation Studio specializes in treating "intractable diseases" of motor trains.
Wang Xiaoxia made a simulation in front of his own simulation test system. (Reporter wanglili)
Some time ago, there was a problem with the ATP system setting of a motor train about to leave the warehouse. According to the driver’s description, Wang Xiaoxia decisively asked the driver to manually modify the ATP system setting parameters. In less than one minute, the system settings returned to normal, the danger was eliminated, and the EMU was out of the library according to the established time.
Shanxi’s dry climate is prone to static electricity, which makes ATP equipment accessories and other precision equipment prone to problems or damage.
"At that time, there was no regular testing equipment for these spare parts in the whole road. Once the ATP failure required replacement of spare parts, I didn’t know whether the replaced spare parts were qualified." Kang Chunhui said that in order to solve this problem, Wang Xiaoxia independently developed the indoor simulation test system for on-board equipment of EMU, which filled the blank of indoor simulation test system for on-board equipment without train control.
Wang Xiaoxia’s two inventions not only solved the problem of periodic power-on test for spare parts of EMU, but also increased the training opportunities for employees to solve "intractable diseases" in practical operation. What is more impressive is that the two systems can generate direct economic benefits of about 10 million yuan per year.
With the arrival of Spring Festival travel rush, Wang Xiaoxia’s work became busier. During the day, she focused on management and business skills, and at night, she followed her classes to solve various problems at any time and place. In the interview, she said: "For the high-speed train, even a screw is a big deal, especially the ATP is related to the safety of the EMU. What they have to do is to ensure the safety of the train and let every passenger go home safely. "
Core Tip: As a key technology to lead a new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation, the generative artificial intelligence represented by ChatGPT has constantly spawned new scenarios, new formats, new models and new markets, changed the mode of production of information and knowledge, and reshaped the interaction mode between human beings and technology, which has a great impact on education, finance, media and games. In this context, countries around the world have introduced artificial intelligence development strategies and specific policies to seize the strategic commanding heights. At the same time, the security risks exposed by generative artificial intelligence, such as data leakage, false content generation and improper use, have also attracted wide attention from all countries. The development, application and governance of generative artificial intelligence is no longer a common challenge faced by a certain country but the whole international community.
[Abstract] As a key technology to lead a new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation, the generative artificial intelligence represented by ChatGPT has constantly spawned new scenarios, new formats, new models and new markets, changed the mode of production of information and knowledge, and reshaped the interaction mode between human beings and technology, which has a great impact on education, finance, media and games. In this context, countries around the world have introduced artificial intelligence development strategies and specific policies to seize the strategic commanding heights. At the same time, the security risks exposed by generative artificial intelligence, such as data leakage, false content generation and improper use, have also attracted wide attention from all countries. The development, application and governance of generative artificial intelligence is no longer a common challenge faced by a certain country but the whole international community. In order to effectively deal with the new challenges of generative artificial intelligence to information content governance, we should balance the relationship between security and development, the relationship between technological innovation and technological governance, and the relationship between corporate compliance obligations and corporate affordability.
Keywords: multidimensional balance of internal and external challenges in the legislation of generative artificial intelligence governance model [Chinese library classification number] D92 [document identification code] a
Generative AI (Generative AI) is a new technology in the development of artificial intelligence, which can generate new content according to probability by statistical methods, such as video, audio, text and even software code. By using Transformer (a neural network model based on self-attention mechanism), generative artificial intelligence can deeply analyze the existing data sets, identify the location connection and correlation among them, and then continuously optimize and train with the help of feedback reinforcement learning from human feedback to form a large language model, and finally make decisions or predictions for the generation of new content. ① In addition to text generation and content creation, generative artificial intelligence also has a wide range of application scenarios, such as customer service, investment management, artistic creation, academic research, code programming, virtual assistance and so on. In a word, self-generation, self-learning and rapid iteration are the basic characteristics that distinguish generative artificial intelligence from traditional artificial intelligence.
The Interim Measures for the Management of Generative Artificial Intelligence Services (hereinafter referred to as the Interim Measures) officially issued by seven departments, including the National Network Information Office, came into effect on August 15, 2023, aiming at promoting the healthy development and standardized application of generative artificial intelligence and safeguarding national security and social public interests. As a key technology to lead a new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation, generative artificial intelligence represented by ChatGPT has constantly spawned new scenarios, new formats, new models and new markets, changed the mode of production of information and knowledge, and reshaped the interaction mode between human beings and technology, which has a great impact on education, finance, media and games. In this context, countries around the world have introduced artificial intelligence development strategies and specific policies to seize the strategic commanding heights. At the same time, the security risks exposed by generative artificial intelligence, such as data leakage, false content generation and improper use, have also attracted wide attention from all countries. It can be said with certainty that the development, application and governance of generative artificial intelligence is no longer a common challenge faced by a certain country but the whole international community.
Comment on the main supervision modes of artificial intelligence abroad
Artificial intelligence is a "double-edged sword", which promotes social progress, but also brings risks and challenges. The international community is committed to continuously promoting the development of artificial intelligence. For example, UNESCO adopted the first global agreement on artificial intelligence ethics-Proposal on Artificial Intelligence Ethics, which defined ten principles, including proportionality and non-harm, safety and security, fairness and non-discrimination. Since 2018, the EU has continued to promote the design, development and deployment of artificial intelligence, while striving to standardize the use and management of artificial intelligence and robots. The European Union’s Artificial Intelligence Act, which came into effect in early 2024, helped this work reach a climax and even became a milestone in the history of artificial intelligence governance. The United States pays more attention to the development of artificial intelligence, and regulates the development of artificial intelligence with the blueprint of artificial intelligence bill of rights (hereinafter referred to as the blueprint of bill of rights) as the main measure. In view of the relatively mature and representative measures of artificial intelligence governance in the European Union and the United States, the advantages and disadvantages of different regulatory models are discussed in the following, hoping to provide reference for the healthy development and effective governance of artificial intelligence in China.
EU artificial intelligence legislation: giving priority to safety and giving consideration to fairness. From the legislative history, in April 2021, the European Commission issued the legislative proposal "Regulations of the European Parliament and the Council on Formulating Uniform Rules for Artificial Intelligence (Artificial Intelligence Law) and Amending Some EU Legislation" (hereinafter referred to as the "Artificial Intelligence Act"), which opened the "hard law" road of artificial intelligence governance. In December 2022, the final version of the compromise draft of the Artificial Intelligence Act was formed. In June 2023, the European Parliament passed the draft negotiating authorization of the Artificial Intelligence Act and revised the original proposal. On December 8, 2023, the European Parliament, the European Council and the European Commission reached an agreement on the Artificial Intelligence Act, which stipulated comprehensive supervision in the field of artificial intelligence. On the whole, the Artificial Intelligence Act establishes an ethical and legal framework for the development and use of artificial intelligence in the European Union, supplemented by the Directive on Responsibility for Artificial Intelligence to ensure its implementation. Several rounds of discussions on the Artificial Intelligence Act mainly focused on the following contents:
The first is the definition of artificial intelligence and the scope of application of the bill. Article 3 of the Artificial Intelligence Act defines artificial intelligence as software developed by one or more technologies and methods, which can affect the output of interactive environment (such as content, prediction, suggestion or decision) and achieve specific goals specified by people. This definition has a wide range, which may cover a large number of software that is not traditionally regarded as artificial intelligence, which is not conducive to the development and governance of artificial intelligence. Therefore, the current version limits the definition of artificial intelligence to "a system based on machine learning or logic and knowledge", which aims to run at different levels of autonomy and can influence the output of prediction, suggestion or decision-making in physical or virtual environment for explicit or implicit goals. At the same time, Annex I and the authorization of the European Commission to modify the definition of artificial intelligence were deleted. Although the Artificial Intelligence Act does not involve generative artificial intelligence, the appearance of ChatGPT makes legislators add definitions of general artificial intelligence and basic model in the amendment, and requires generative artificial intelligence to comply with additional transparency requirements, such as disclosing the source of content and designing models to prohibit illegal generation. The Artificial Intelligence Act has extraterritorial effect and applies to all providers and deployers of artificial intelligence systems (whether established in the EU or in a third country), all distributors and importers, authorized representatives of providers, manufacturers of certain products established or located in the EU, and EU data subjects whose health, safety or basic rights are greatly affected by the use of artificial intelligence systems.
The second is the supervision mode of artificial intelligence. The "Artificial Intelligence Act" adopts a risk-based approach, which classifies and sets different obligations according to the potential risks to health, safety and the basic rights of natural persons: first, unacceptable risks are prohibited from being deployed by any enterprise or individual; The second is high risk, which allows relevant subjects to put them on the market or use them after fulfilling their obligations such as prior assessment, and requires continuous monitoring during and after the event; The third is finite risk, which does not need to obtain a special license, certification or fulfill the obligations of reporting and recording, but should follow the principle of transparency and allow proper traceability and interpretability; The fourth is low risk or minimum risk, and the corresponding subject can deploy and use according to free will. As far as generative artificial intelligence is concerned, because it has no specific purpose and can be applied to different scenarios, it cannot be classified according to the general mode or operation mode, but should be based on the expected purpose and specific application field of developing or using generative artificial intelligence. ②
The third is the general principle of artificial intelligence. Specifically, it includes: human agency and supervision: the development and use of artificial intelligence system must be a tool to serve human beings, respect human dignity, individual autonomy and function, and be properly controlled and supervised by human beings; Technical robustness and security: the development and deployment of artificial intelligence should minimize accidents and unexpected damage, ensure robustness when unexpected problems occur, and be flexible when malicious third parties try to change the performance of artificial intelligence systems and illegally use them; Privacy and data protection: The artificial intelligence system must be developed and used according to the existing privacy and data protection rules, and at the same time, it must deal with data that meet high standards in terms of quality and integrity; Transparency: The development and use of artificial intelligence system must allow proper traceability and interpretability, make human beings aware of their communication or interaction with artificial intelligence system, and properly inform users of the capabilities and limitations of artificial intelligence and the rights enjoyed by the affected people; Non-discrimination and fairness: the development and use of artificial intelligence systems must include different participants, promote equal use, gender equality and cultural diversity, and avoid discriminatory influence and unfair prejudice prohibited by EU or national laws; Social and environmental well-being: Artificial intelligence systems should be developed and used in a sustainable and environmentally friendly way, benefiting everyone, while monitoring and evaluating the long-term impact on individuals, society and democracy.
The EU intends to establish a global standard for artificial intelligence supervision through the Artificial Intelligence Act, so that Europe can gain a dominant position in international intelligence competition. The "Artificial Intelligence Act" has formulated relatively reasonable rules for dealing with artificial intelligence systems, which can avoid discrimination, surveillance and other potential hazards to a certain extent, especially in areas related to basic rights. For example, the Artificial Intelligence Act lists some uses that prohibit artificial intelligence, and facial recognition in public places is one of them. In addition, it integrates the control measures to mitigate risks into the business departments where risks may occur, which can help organizations understand the cost-effectiveness of artificial intelligence systems, conduct compliance (self-review) to clarify responsibilities and obligations, and finally confidently adopt artificial intelligence. At the same time, however, the Artificial Intelligence Act also has defects in risk classification, supervision, rights protection and responsibility mechanism, etc. For example, it adopts horizontal legislation, trying to bring all artificial intelligence into the scope of supervision, without in-depth consideration of the different characteristics of artificial intelligence, which may lead to the problem that relevant risk prevention measures can not be implemented. ③
American artificial intelligence legislation: emphasizing self-regulation and supporting technological innovation. Under the global background of artificial intelligence law and policy making, the United States has gradually formed a regulatory framework based on the voluntary principle. The comprehensive regulatory measure in the United States is the Blueprint of Bill of Rights issued by the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) in October 2022, which aims to support the protection of citizens’ rights during the design, deployment and governance of automation systems. Under the guidance of "Blueprint of Bill of Rights", federal departments began to perform their respective duties and set out to formulate specific policies. For example, the US Department of Labor formulated the Fair Manual of Artificial Intelligence, which aims to prevent artificial intelligence from prejudicing job seekers and employees based on race, age, gender and other characteristics. The core content of the Blueprint of the Bill of Rights is five principles: a safe and effective system: the public is protected from unsafe or ineffective systems; Algorithm discrimination protection: the public should not face the discrimination of algorithms and systems, and the automation system should be used and designed in a fair way; Data privacy: the automation system should have built-in protection measures to ensure that the public’s data is not abused, and to ensure that the public enjoys the leading right to use the data; Know and explain: the public has the right to know that they are using the automation system, and understand what it is and how to produce results that have an impact on the public; Principle of substitutability: Under appropriate circumstances, the public should be able to choose not to use the automation system and use manual alternatives or other alternatives. ④ Because the above principles are not regulated, they are not binding.Therefore, the Blueprint of the Bill of Rights is not an enforceable "Bill of Rights" with legislative protection, but rather a forward-looking blueprint for governance based on future assumptions.
At present, the US Congress has adopted a relatively non-interference approach to the supervision of artificial intelligence, although the Democratic leadership has indicated its intention to introduce a federal law to supervise artificial intelligence. Chuck Schumer, the majority leader of the US Senate, proposed a new framework to guide the legislation and supervision of artificial intelligence in the future, including "who", "where", "how" and "protection", requiring technology companies to review and test artificial intelligence systems before releasing them, and provide users with the results. However, in the case of checks and balances between the two parties in the United States, the possibility of passing the law through Congress is low, and even if there is a chance to pass it, it will need several rounds of revision. In contrast, faced with the strategic competitive pressure brought by the European Union’s "Artificial Intelligence Act" and the multi-field security risks of generative artificial intelligence represented by ChatGPT, the federal agencies in the United States have taken an active intervention attitude and conducted supervision within their jurisdiction. For example, the US Federal Trade Commission (FTC) actively supervises deceptive and unfair behaviors related to artificial intelligence by implementing the Fair Credit Reporting Act and the Federal Trade Commission Act. The first investigation that OpenAI faced was conducted by FTC; In January, 2023, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) formulated the Risk Management Framework of Artificial Intelligence, which classified the risks existing in artificial intelligence in detail. In April 2023, the US Department of Commerce publicly solicited opinions on accountability measures for artificial intelligence, including whether artificial intelligence models should go through certification procedures before release.
At the local level in the United States, California passed the California Consumer Privacy Act of 2018 (CCPA) as a positive response to the EU General Data Protection Regulations. In 2023, under the impetus of Senator Bauer Kahan, California proposed the AB331(Automated decision tools) bill, requiring deployers and developers of automated decision tools to conduct an impact assessment of any automated decision tools they use on or before January 1, 2025, and every year thereafter, including the purpose of automated decision tools and a statement of their expected benefits, uses and deployment environment. New york has promulgated the Automated Employment Decision Tools Act (AEDT Law), which requires employers and professional platforms that use the Automated Employment Decision Tools in their recruitment and promotion decisions to conduct a brand-new and thorough review of the artificial intelligence system and a more comprehensive risk test to assess whether it falls within the scope of AEDT Law. In addition, legislatures in Texas, Vermont and Washington state have introduced relevant legislation, requiring state institutions to review the artificial intelligence systems being developed and used, and effectively disclose the use of artificial intelligence. It can be seen that local governments in the United States still have a positive attitude towards artificial intelligence governance. The main challenge faced by local governments is how to supervise artificial intelligence innovation in Silicon Valley with minimal obstacles. In California, for example, in order to overcome this challenge,The proposed bill has two provisions: first, the focus of artificial intelligence governance is on the rights, opportunities and risks of citizens’ access to key services, rather than the details of specific technologies, which can allow the innovative development of artificial intelligence; The second is to establish the transparency of artificial intelligence, requiring developers and users to submit an annual impact assessment to the California Department of Civil Rights, which can explain in detail the types of automation tools involved, for public access. Developers also need to develop a governance framework, detailing how the technology is used and its possible impact. In addition, the California Act also mentions the issue of private litigation rights, which provides a remedy for the protection of rights by allowing individuals to file lawsuits when their rights are violated. ⑤
At present, the focus of artificial intelligence supervision in the United States is still to apply existing laws to artificial intelligence, rather than to formulate specialized artificial intelligence laws. For example, FTC has repeatedly stated that Article 5 of the Federal Trade Commission Act "Prohibition of Unfair or Fraud" can be fully applied to artificial intelligence and machine learning systems. In fact, how to coordinate the conflict between existing laws and artificial intelligence is not only an urgent task for a certain country, but also an urgent problem facing the international community. At present, the US Congress has not reached a consensus on the federal legislation on artificial intelligence supervision, including the regulatory framework, risk classification and other specific contents. Chuck Schumer, the majority leader of the US Senate, advocates comprehensive supervision of artificial intelligence similar to that of the European Union, and speeds up the legislative process of Congress by formulating frameworks and special forums, which conflicts with the voluntary principle of the United States. Therefore, it will take a long time for the legislation of artificial intelligence supervision at the federal level to appear.
The New Challenge of Generative Artificial Intelligence to Information Content Governance
Generally speaking, the risks faced by artificial intelligence mainly come from three aspects: technology, market and specification. ⑦ The generative artificial intelligence represented by ChatGPT is close to the goal of general artificial intelligence, but it also brings new challenges to information content governance, which urgently needs forward-looking and targeted theoretical research. The main perspectives of academic analysis of the risks of generative artificial intelligence include: first, based on the general risks of artificial intelligence and combined with the unique characteristics of generative artificial intelligence, the risks in intelligent ethics, intellectual property protection, privacy and personal data protection are studied; ⑧ The second is to study the risk and governance of generative artificial intelligence in specific fields, such as the risk of sentencing deviation of generative artificial intelligence in judicial judgment; Thirdly, based on the operation structure of generative artificial intelligence, the risk problems are studied from preparation, operation to generation, and then corresponding measures are taken, such as using technology and management to correct the algorithm discrimination risk of generative artificial intelligence in operation stage. ⑨ This paper thinks that it can also be analyzed from the internal and external perspectives. The internal challenges are the challenges existing in the model itself, including input quality problems, processing problems and output quality problems. External challenges come from non-model itself, including improper use risk and legal supervision risk.
Input quality: Artificial intelligence consists of algorithm, computing power and data elements, in which data is the basis of artificial intelligence and determines the accuracy and reliability of its output to some extent. Generative artificial intelligence is a kind of artificial intelligence, so its output (generated content) will also be affected by the quantity and quality of data. Generative artificial intelligence must be trained with high-quality data. Once the data set is polluted or tampered with, the trained generative artificial intelligence may damage users’ basic rights, intellectual property rights, personal privacy and information data rights, and even produce social prejudice.
Handling process problems: In addition to data, the algorithm model used in training will also affect the output results of artificial intelligence. If the training of artificial intelligence is regarded as a cuisine, the training data affects the quality of the final cuisine with the role of "material", while the algorithm model plays its own role with the role of "recipe", and both are indispensable. Once the selected algorithm model has problems or is inconsistent with the expected purpose, even if more and better data are input, a well-behaved artificial intelligence system cannot be obtained. The discrimination and prejudice of artificial intelligence caused by machine learning algorithms and training data are collectively called pre-existing algorithm bias, which corresponds to the sudden algorithm bias caused by the emergence of new knowledge, new formats and new scenarios. Technological change has not eliminated the problem of false generation, but only packaged and concealed it. Therefore, generative artificial intelligence often has sudden algorithm bias, which further increases the risk of use and the difficulty of governance, thus requiring more accurate protective measures.
Output quality problem: In fact, the risk essentially stems from people’s insufficient ability to recognize and control things and cannot be solved in time before the problem sprouts or even erupts. From this point of view, the controllability of technology is inversely proportional to its risk, and the more difficult it is to control, the higher the risk. Large language model and thinking chain not only endow generative artificial intelligence with the ability of logical deduction, but also make its output content more and more difficult to predict. In other words, generative artificial intelligence has low controllability and high potential risks. For example, due to social and cultural differences, the output of generative artificial intelligence may be appropriate in one cultural background, but it is offensive in another cultural environment. Humans can distinguish such differences, but generative artificial intelligence may be unable to distinguish the subtle differences of culture due to the lack of cultural pre-design, and inadvertently produce inappropriate content.
Risk of improper use: Generative artificial intelligence has high intelligence, but the difficulty and cost of using it are low, which provides possible space for some people to engage in illegal activities by using its powerful power, and the risk of improper use arises from this. The People’s Republic of China (PRC) Academic Degrees Law (Draft) drafted by the Ministry of Education of China clearly stipulates the use of artificial intelligence to write dissertations and other behaviors and their handling. OpenAI said that it is training ChatGPT on sensitive words, and when users’ questions obviously violate the embedded ethics and legislation, ChatGPT will refuse to answer them. Even so, some people can still bypass the pre-set "firewall" of ChatGPT and instruct them to generate illegal content or complete illegal operations, and the risk of improper use has not been effectively curbed. In the long run, generative artificial intelligence may lead to a crisis of social trust, which will make people fall into the dilemma of being difficult to distinguish between true and false, and eventually lead to the "end of truth" and make human society enter the "post-truth era". ⑩
Legal supervision risk: the internal input quality problems, processing process problems and output quality problems of generative artificial intelligence, as well as the external improper use risks jointly push its supervision difficulty to a new peak, resulting in the legal risk of supervision failure. The legal risk of generative artificial intelligence is not limited to a specific field, but crosses multiple fields and needs the collaborative governance of multiple departments. The terms of use of generative artificial intelligence often lack authorization to deal with user interaction data, which may lead to personal privacy and national security problems, because some data in large enterprises already have public attributes, and once leakage occurs, it will not only harm the interests of enterprises, but also pose a threat to national security. In addition, the problem that the decision-making process of generative artificial intelligence is not transparent enough will also have an impact on legal supervision, and even become a decisive reason for the regulatory authorities to prohibit its deployment in specific fields.
Solution: seek multi-dimensional balance
Facing the great application value of generative artificial intelligence and the internal and external risk challenges, we need to make a reasonable choice. At present, although all countries in the world have doubts about the safety of generative artificial intelligence, they unanimously recognize its application potential in international competition, economic development, digital government construction, etc. By formulating relevant policies and regulations, they try to handle the relationship between safety and development, technological innovation and public interest, laying the premise and guarantee for the use of generative artificial intelligence. Our country is no exception. Judging from Article 1 of the Interim Measures, the purpose of this law is "to promote the healthy development and standardized application of generative artificial intelligence, safeguard national security and social public interests, and protect the legitimate rights and interests of citizens, legal persons and other organizations". Article 3 clearly points out the general attitude of legislators to the governance of generative artificial intelligence, that is, "adhere to the principle of paying equal attention to development and safety, promoting innovation and combining governance according to law." In fact, through this principle, we can find a solution that is suitable for China’s national conditions, that is, to seek a multi-dimensional balance of generative artificial intelligence governance.
First of all, we should balance the relationship between security and development. Under the overall national security concept, security is the premise of development, development is the guarantee of security, and non-development is the greatest insecurity. China must actively develop modern scientific and technological means such as generative artificial intelligence to promote economic development and social progress, and constantly enhance China’s international competitiveness. Article 3 of the "Interim Measures" points out that "the generative artificial intelligence service shall be subject to inclusive, prudent and classified supervision". Regarding specific measures, the Interim Measures also gives a plan: Articles 5 and 6 specify the direction and content of encouraging development, such as supporting industry organizations, enterprises, educational and scientific research institutions, public cultural institutions, relevant professional institutions, etc. to cooperate in technological innovation, data resource construction, transformation and application, and risk prevention of generative artificial intelligence; Articles 7 and 8 respectively put forward requirements for the safety of generative artificial intelligence from training data processing and data labeling, such as pre-training and optimization training. For example, the service provider of generative artificial intelligence should use data and basic models with legal sources, and shall not infringe on the intellectual property rights enjoyed by others according to law.
Secondly, the relationship between technological innovation and technological governance should be balanced. While taking measures to accelerate the innovative development of generative artificial intelligence, we should also recognize the internal and external risk challenges it brings and deal with them accordingly. In short, we should govern in innovation and innovate in governance to ensure that technological innovation runs on the track of rule of law. To this end, on the one hand, we should give play to the role of policies in leading economic and social development, actively encourage enterprises to carry out technological innovation by simplifying administrative licensing and reducing taxes, and at the same time guide enterprises to use their own development to promote economic and social development, and confirm their legitimate rights and interests through legislation; On the other hand, adhere to the bottom line of governance according to law, and timely regulate and deal with possible violations of laws and regulations by enterprises. Specifically, according to the provisions of Article 19 of the Interim Measures, the relevant competent departments shall supervise and inspect the generative artificial intelligence services according to their duties, and the providers shall cooperate with them according to law; For the acts of generative artificial intelligence providers that violate the Network Security Law of the People’s Republic of China, the Data Security Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC) and the Personal Information Protection Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC), they shall be fined, ordered to stop providing services, and investigated for criminal responsibility. If the existing laws and regulations can’t effectively regulate the new format of technological development, the competent department can first give a warning, informed criticism, and order it to make corrections within a time limit, and then legislate in time (the dialectical relationship between special legislation and general legislation, national legislation and local legislation needs to be considered) to ensure that there are laws to follow and administration according to law.
Finally, the relationship between corporate compliance obligations and corporate affordability should be balanced. Effective governance of generative artificial intelligence requires enterprises that carry out model training and provide generative services to undertake corresponding compliance obligations, but such obligations must be appropriate and should not exceed the affordability of enterprises. In this regard, we can find normative support from the relevant provisions of the Interim Measures: First, Article 3 requires classified and hierarchical supervision of generative artificial intelligence services, which implies that governance should be carried out according to specific risks, and different compliance obligations should be put forward for enterprises that provide different generative artificial intelligence obligations in different fields, which is quite similar to the risk-based hierarchical supervision of the Artificial Intelligence Act; Second, compared with the original draft for comments, Articles 7 and 8 have significantly reduced the compliance requirements for enterprises to develop and train generative artificial intelligence. For example, Item (4) of Article 7 has been changed to "Take effective measures to improve the quality of training data and enhance the authenticity, accuracy, objectivity and diversity of training data", and Article 8 has been changed to "Sampling and verifying the marked contents" Third, Articles 9 and 14 give the provider more flexible compliance space by redistributing the rights and obligations of service providers and users, so as to enhance their willingness to actively comply. For example, changing "content producer responsibility" to "network information content producer responsibility",So that enterprises providing services do not have to bear the responsibility for users’ malicious abuse of illegal content generated by generative artificial intelligence.
Generative artificial intelligence technology has caused great waves in many industries, such as commerce and trade, news communication, etc. How to effectively supervise and make it serve human society is a realistic proposition that all countries should consider and solve for a long time. The artificial intelligence supervision mode chosen by different countries reflects specific social values and national priorities, and these different requirements may conflict with each other, such as paying attention to protecting users’ privacy and promoting technological innovation, thus creating a more complicated supervision environment. Although there are many differences between the EU’s "safety first, giving consideration to fairness" and the US’s "emphasizing self-regulation and supporting technological innovation", there is also a consensus part, which can more or less promote the technological innovation, safe use and legal governance of generative artificial intelligence. At the same time, transparency and interpretability will be the key to abide by emerging regulations and cultivate trust in generative artificial intelligence technology. The legislative trends in Europe and America also remind China to carry out artificial intelligence legislation at the national level as soon as possible, determine the basic principles of artificial intelligence governance, as well as the risk management system, the distribution of main responsibilities, legal responsibilities, etc., coordinate the national governance layout, and give full play to local enthusiasm, and try first through local legislation to avoid being unavailable and accumulate experience for national artificial intelligence legislation.
(The author is a professor and doctoral supervisor at Guanghua Law School of Zhejiang University)
[Note: This article is the phased achievement of the major project of the National Social Science Fund "Research on Establishing and Perfecting China’s Network Comprehensive Governance System" (project number: 20ZDA062)]
[Notes]
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Yoon-hyun Chang, director of Coffee, tells a play to Kim So-yeon.
Kim So-yeon studio photo
Kim So-yeon hid his face and snickered.
Movie network news(Compile /Ben) According to South Korean media reports, on March 29th, the Korean era spy war blockbuster "Coffee", which was being filmed on location in Jinshandong, Paju City, Gyeonggi Province, was accepted by the Korean media, and the mystery of the film was also unveiled. Reporters also made contact with the film director Yoon-hyun Chang, the film protagonist Kim So-yeon and Joo Jin Mo.
In an interview with reporters, Director Yoon-hyun Chang made his own speech about the opening of the film, as well as his calm attitude towards Li Duohai’s resignation.
After the film, Yoon-hyun Chang, who returned to the Korean film scene after three years, is undoubtedly the focus of the reporters on the spot. When a reporter asked about the resignation of Li Duohai, the original female No.1 in Coffee, and the tortuous experience that the film almost failed to start shooting smoothly, Director Zhang unexpectedly said that he was "calm". But he also revealed: "At first, I made an agreement with all the actors to work hard together, and then Li Duohai resigned. I really feel very sorry. It seems that there is no fate with her. "
At the same time, director Yoon-hyun Chang also made a speech about his choice of Kim So-yeon to replace Li Duohai as the heroine. He said that he was satisfied to find such a suitable actor for the role. "At first, I was worried that Kim So-yeon, who hasn’t made a film for a long time, would become like a newcomer with poor acting skills, but it turns out that she has outstanding understanding of works and a perfect state, and is an actor who is always prepared." Yoon-hyun Chang also revealed that Kim So-yeon was very nervous at first because it was the first time for Kim So-yeon to come into contact with historical films. However, judging from his recent performance, Kim So-yeon’s outstanding performance made him full of expectations.
Although Kim So-yeon made his debut as early as 1994, his only films were Campus Transformation in 1997 and two feature-length films in 2005. Kim So-yeon’s brand-new image, which challenged Korean costume films for the first time, has attracted great attention from fans after six years of violating the screen.
In addition, for Joo Jin Mo, Hee-soon Park and Liu Shan, Yoon-hyun Chang also expressed admiration: "The four main roles they played in the film are not only intertwined in fate, but also key figures in promoting the development of the plot. The leading actors have great determination to perform the play well, and at the same time, they are quite prepared. Everyone can look forward to their image and performance on the big screen. "
At the same time, the film producer also told the media that there are about 30% fictional elements in the content of Coffee, but the general plot is in line with real historical events. For example, in the film, the role played by actress Liu Shan comes from Pei Zhenzi, a famous Korean traitor in history. In addition, the producer also refuted the news that "the film investment has shrunk on a large scale" and "shooting cannot be carried out", and said that the above reports were completely groundless.
Regarding the news that the actor Liu Shan, who plays the role of "Zhen Zi" in the film, is about to get married, the producers also revealed that they were shocked when they learned the news three weeks ago. At the same time, he also said that the filming period of Coffee is expected to reach three months, and Liu Shan, who is about to get married in May, should be very busy at that time.
The film "Coffee" is adapted from the original work "Russian Coffee" by Korean novelist Kim Joo-hwan. It tells the story of the last king of Korea, Emperor Gaozong, who sought refuge in the Russian Embassy in order to escape Japanese aggression. In this film, it also reveals the battle plan behind this incident that Russia and the Japanese Empire sent spies to sneak into the court to assassinate Emperor Gaozong in order to manipulate the situation in Korea.
"Myopia" has become an "epidemic disease" affecting teenagers in China. How to prevent and control juvenile myopia? On February 22nd, at the 19th (Shanghai) International Glasses Exhibition, the relevant person in charge of the international optical brand "ZEISS" shared Zeiss’s knowledge and practice in the field of prevention and control of juvenile myopia.
According to the latest research report of the World Health Organization, the number of myopia patients in China is as high as 600 million, which is almost half of the total population of China. Among them, the myopia rate of primary school students has reached 45.7%, and the myopia rate of adolescents ranks first in the world.
In August 2018, the Ministry of Education and other eight departments issued the "Implementation Plan for Comprehensive Prevention and Control of Myopia among Children and Adolescents", which clearly stated that from this year, prevention and control of myopia will be included in the performance appraisal of local governments, and prevention and control of myopia among children and adolescents will become a national strategy.
Most children’s myopia is caused by axial myopia, which is axial myopia. Zeiss Changle lens with standard monofocal lens can help to restrain children’s axial elongation and delay the development of myopia.
"Improve parents’ awareness of myopia and help parents build knowledge about preventing myopia." Dr. Matthias Metz, CEO of Zeiss Consumer Optics Business (Dr. Mai Zhiyuan) believes that this is the first thing to do in the prevention and control of juvenile myopia at present.
What should parents do to prevent and control children’s myopia?
Founded in Jena, Germany in 1846, Zeiss has been deeply involved in the field of optics for 173 years. The company has four business departments: semiconductor manufacturing technology, research and quality technology, medical technology and vision care/consumer optical products. Zeiss has been committed to using professional optical technology to improve the visual quality of human beings, and provides a three-stage vision solution for adolescents with myopia and many eye diseases, including active prevention, effective management and accurate correction.
Dr. Matthias Metz, CEO of Zeiss Consumer Optics Business (Dr. Mai Zhiyuan)
To delay juvenile myopia, Zeiss Optics hopes that through its own efforts, all sectors of society can understand the causes of myopia and the prevention and control methods. Among them, Zeiss Optics believes that parents play an important role. What prevention and control knowledge should parents master? Dr. Matthias Metz (Dr. Mai Zhiyuan) specifically emphasized three aspects.
First of all, parents should know that myopia is not a problem that can be solved in a short time. Secondly, it is necessary to understand the causes of myopia and myopia deepening. Thirdly, for children who are already nearsighted, they should wear a pair of suitable glasses. Children and adults have different concepts of glasses. When choosing glasses, children will first consider the beauty, and it is easy to ignore whether the lenses and frames are suitable. This requires parents to guide their children. When choosing glasses, they should first focus on the choice of lenses. After professional fitting steps, they should choose the appropriate frame that fits the lenses.
In addition to genetic factors, improper lifestyle is also an important reason for the rising myopia rate of teenagers. "Thought attaches importance to and behavior ignores." Peng Wei, president of Zeiss Optics in China, thinks this is the status quo of most parents. On the surface, most parents agree that their children’s eyesight is very important. When they learn that their children are nearsighted, their parents will be very anxious, but when they get home, they have not taken any action to change it. He believes that we need to educate our parents that myopia is not a short-term problem. Electronic products are not the solution to manage naughty children when they are noisy. Only by managing the behavior of parents can we manage the behavior of children.
Peng Wei, President of Zeiss Optics China
"Early screening for potential causes of myopia is an important part of preventing and treating myopia. Most parents go to the hospital when they find that their children’s vision is abnormal, but myopia has already formed. " Peng Wei stressed that it is not right for parents to ignore children who are not nearsighted. After the child is 2 years old, he should have an eye examination regularly, not only to record the naked eye vision, but more importantly, to detect the axial length; For children with a family history of high myopia or high-risk factors, it is necessary to review them regularly and intervene in a targeted manner.
If the child is nearsighted, wear glasses correctly and keep matching between eyes and glasses, so as to effectively control the degree of myopia. Many parents are worried that their children will not be able to take them off after wearing glasses, and that their eyeballs will be deformed. They will not wear glasses for their children in early myopia, or wear them in stages. Such a wrong response will lead to serious consequences. Peng Wei said that whether children should wear glasses for a long time depends on the type of lenses. If it is a daily frame glasses, you can’t see clearly when you take it off. If you don’t wear it, it will accelerate eye fatigue and lead to vision growth. For glasses with special functions, you should listen to the doctor’s advice.
Take care of teenagers’ eyes with a holistic solution.
Since 1912, Zeiss has been integrating the specialties of medicine and ophthalmology. The professional advantages enable Zeiss to provide customers with the overall solutions needed in the field of eye health and vision care, including the overall fitting equipment, lens recommendation, digital ecosystem, professional training and education, and innovative market support programs. Among them, the Zeiss visual experience solution owned by Zeiss brings consumers a more accurate, comfortable and comprehensive fitting experience through professional fitting steps.
Zeiss refractive analyzer can detect the vision level under different pupil diameters.
In 1921, Zeiss took the lead in designing and producing axisymmetric lenses, and then continuously produced excellent products representing the trend of ophthalmic optics. For the success in the field of optometry, Zeiss believes that this is the result of continuous innovation. Zeiss spends more than 10% of its income on R&D every year, with nearly 30,000 employees worldwide, of whom more than 10% work in R&D positions.
Zeiss optics has always contributed to the prevention, management and correction of myopia in adolescents. In terms of active prevention, since 2009, more than 4 million "children’s refractive development files" have been established with the help of Zeiss Optics to track and protect children’s eye health and promote the advancement of myopia prevention. Since 2017, Zeiss Optics has been actively promoting the prevention and control of myopia among young people, calling on young people to exercise outdoors for 2 hours every day, and carrying out nearly 100 optometry services nationwide to bring high-quality and accurate fitting experience to young people.
In effective management, Zeiss Optics, relying on the accumulation of optometry technology for a hundred years, has invested heavily in the product research and development of teenagers to curb the further development of myopia. Zeiss Optics provides personalized vision solutions for teenagers, and designs high-quality single-lens with wear resistance and easy cleaning, Zeiss Little Naughty Lens, Zeiss "Love Motion" package, as well as functional lenses designed for Asian teenagers to help teenagers manage myopia, such as Zeiss Growth Lens and Zeiss Growth Lens.
Zeiss showed the latest "black technology equipment"-VISUFIT 1000, a three-dimensional positioning and fitting system, at this international spectacle exhibition. Nine high-definition cameras can get 180-degree personalized optical data of teenagers through one shot.
In precise correction, based on professional Zeiss optometry equipment and standardized eight fitting steps, teenagers can get accurate and comfortable fitting experience to meet their individual needs. Among them, Zeiss refractive analyzer can provide scientific and professional visual optometry for teenagers and generate depth analysis map for teenagers’ vision. In addition, Zeiss also actively carries out the training of optometry industry personnel and provides high-quality and high-standard optometry courses. In the past three years, Zeiss has trained about 90,000 optometrists and other optometrists.
In addition, Zeiss Optics also pays attention to ultraviolet protection, giving young people long-term and high-quality eye care. By adding Zeiss UV dual protection technology to the transparent resin lens, the wearer can enjoy the clear vision of the transparent lens and the ultraviolet protection effect like sunglasses.
From product vendors to solution providers, Zeiss Optics hopes to continue to help parents, schools, hospitals and society pay attention to the problem of myopia among teenagers in the future, popularize how to prevent and control myopia, provide scientific optometry equipment and suitable lenses, and make continuous efforts to delay myopia among teenagers.
