If you want to say where there are the most bacteria in your home, you will definitely say:

"toilet"

To be more specific, you would definitely say:

"toilet"

But in fact, there are some places at home.

There are more bacteria than in a horse bucket!

Come and see these places.

How long has it been since you cleaned?

Let Xiao Najun take you to explore the "bacterial nest"

(There are specific cleaning methods in the article)

01

fridge

According to the Family Health Report of the Global Health Council Association, the refrigerator is the second dirtiest place in the house, with an average of 11.4 million bacteria per square centimeter, far exceeding the toilet.

The low temperature in the refrigerator has become a paradise for psychrophilic bacteria. What a surprise, huh? The food you eat every day is actually stored in such a bacterial base camp.

There are many and miscellaneous foods stored in the refrigerator. If you accidentally eat the bacteria in these refrigerators, be careful!

1. Yersinia: hidden in raw pork. It may cause inflammatory diseases such as acute gastroenteritis and enterocolitis.

2. Listeria: It most often appears in unfinished milk, cooked meat, fish, shrimp and seafood. Therefore, once this kind of food is opened, it should be destroyed as soon as possible, and it must not be kept for too long.

3. Shigella: hidden in fruits and vegetables. It may cause bacillary dysentery, one of the most common intestinal infectious diseases in autumn.

4. Salmonella: hidden in eggs and meat. May cause cold, abdominal cramps, nausea, vomiting and other symptoms.

In addition, there are Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The unfinished dairy products, cakes and quick-frozen steamed stuffed bun jiaozi are their favorites.

You might say: the temperature in the freezer is so low that bacteria have already frozen to death, right?

Wrong, many bacteria can survive at 0 ~ 45℃, even at -20℃ for several years, and their vitality is much more tenacious than your ice cream frozen dumplings!

The most terrible thing is that not all foods are moldy, hairy and green after being contaminated by bacteria. Some particularly cunning bacteria (such as Staphylococcus aureus) look and taste the same after being contaminated with food. In some news, the protagonist was killed by an emergency caused by food pollution, and I don’t know what went wrong.

With the luck of "being unclean and eating without illness", it is better to solve the problem from the source: clean the refrigerator regularly to make your food have a cleaner home.

How to clean the refrigerator:

Cut off the power first, and then take all the food out;

Wipe the inner and outer walls of the refrigerator with alcohol in all directions;

Take out drawers and partitions, clean them with detergent, dry them and put them back;

The refrigerator should be cleaned for 2~3 months, and the food should be classified and placed, and the expired and deteriorated food should be discarded in time.

02

washing machine

After the washing machine washes our dirty clothes, it will leave a lot of dirt.

Experts from China’s CDC have done experiments and sampled household washing machines in Beijing and Shanghai. The results show that more than 80% of the washing machines have detected the total number of bacteria exceeding the standard, and more than half of the washing machines have the total number of bacteria, total coliforms and molds exceeding the standard at the same time.

The dirtiness of washing machines is divided into several grades:

1, there is an odor, indicating that a large number of molds have been bred inside. Generally, it is because scale, clothing thread or fiber, dust deposits and so on are not cleaned up in time.

2. It looks quite clean and smells no peculiar smell. In fact, there are still many bacteria invisible to the naked eye on the wall of the tube, resulting in a large number of microorganisms and bacteria still being detected in the rinsed water.

3. All the positions visible to the naked eye have been cleaned, wiped and soaked, but there are still a lot of dirt and bacteria invisible to the naked eye in the sanitary corners such as the interlayer, filter screen and chassis of the inner and outer cylinders.

If the washing machine is not clean, clothes will naturally cross-infect. Inexplicable skin itching and intestinal discomfort may all come from microorganisms exceeding the standard in the washing machine.

Methods of cleaning the washing machine:

Soak in cleaning agent for half an hour, and then carry out a round of air washing. (just once a month)

Dry the washed clothes immediately, and don’t cover the washing machine in a hurry.

03

air conditioner

With the arrival of winter, air conditioning has also completed its mission. Does it need to be cleaned again in winter? Let’s take a look at the filter that has been used for a summer.

If you don’t wash it before using it in winter, that’s how your rhinitis comes from. It is recommended to clean it before using it in winter and summer every year.

Methods of cleaning air conditioners:

Remove the filter screen, rinse it with water, dry it and put it back.

The air conditioner shell only needs to be wiped clean.

It is recommended to clean the air conditioner twice a year, and professionals can be invited to clean the interior.

04

shower head

A previous study found that there were many bacteria on the nozzle. Experts said that in addition to the nozzle prone to mold, there will be many bacteria on the pipeline.

If the amount of water in the sprinkler becomes smaller! In fact, this is the signal of "getting dirty". If you don’t pay attention, they may enter the human body with running water, causing diarrhea and so on.

Methods of cleaning the nozzle:

Remove the nozzle, soak it in white vinegar for 10 minutes, sterilize and remove scale;

Every time you use the nozzle, remember to dry the water inside, so as not to give bacteria a chance to reproduce;

It is suggested that the nozzle should be cleaned once every three months and the pipeline should be cleaned once every six months.

05

cooker hood

The range hood is actually dirty with the naked eye! (Those who don’t go into the kitchen definitely don’t know)

But cleaning is the most troublesome thing. Today, I will teach you a cleaning method, which is effective by personal test!

Methods for cleaning range hoods:

Dilute the detergent with water, add half a bottle of white vinegar and wipe the range hood.

In the same way, soak the removed filter screen for a period of time, scrub it, dry it and put it back.

The filter screen is changed about once every six months, and other places are cleaned every three months.

Original title: "These five places at home are easy to harbor bacteria! 90% of people don’t know …

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No matter what kind of social product it is, its ultimate goal is to help users build links. Since the development of social products, the form has matured. Among them, relationship chain, interaction and content are the core elements of social products. This paper analyzes these three key elements, hoping to bring you some inspiration.

After working in an outsourcing company for more than two years, I joined a startup company and started my own exploration in the social field as the head of its overseas social application. In the following time, I will summarize my exploration experience in writing regularly and share it with you.

I’m not very knowledgeable. I hope everyone can learn something from it.

If we want to make a good social product, there is no doubt that the first thing we need to know is: What is social?

According to the definition of Baidu Encyclopedia, socialization (that is, social communication) refers to the social activities in which individuals communicate with each other for material and spiritual exchanges under certain historical conditions.Because the essence of animal society is the sum of all social relations formed on the basis of material production and labor, social communication is the inherent requirement of animal nature to a certain extent.

In the past, people’s social activities included offline salons, blind dates and even chatting among friends, and the Internet brought new social ways, and social products such as WeChat, Soup and soul emerged one after another. People have met their needs for material, information and spiritual communication in various ways.

However, just as a successful person owns a house and a car, we cannot define that success equals a house and a car.Whether it is the exchange of materials or the exchange of information and spirit, it is only the appearance of social interaction to a certain extent. I think the essence of social interaction is linking.. Based on the link, one person, a group of people, established contact with each other, thus having the possibility of exchange.

At the same time,The formation of links is limited and influenced by time and space. Based on different link subjects, media and forms, various types of social products that we are familiar with have emerged.

For example, distinguished by the main body of the link, it links the social application WeChat of acquaintances of relatives and friends, and links the social product soul； of strangers who have no contact with strangers; Differentiated by link media, there are interest-based social applications and LBS social products based on geographical location. In terms of form, there are audio social products Hertz, video social products HOLLA, cat call and so on.

butNo matter what kind of social product it is, its ultimate goal is to help users build links.

Relationship chain is one of the core elements of social products, which refers to the connection between people. The network formed by the combination of multiple relationship chains is what people often call relationship network.What is human nature? Marx concluded that "the essence of human beings is not an abstract thing inherent in a single person, but in reality, it is the sum of all social relations". In our daily life, no one can get rid of "relationships". Relatives, friends, classmates and partners have various relationships, strong and weak.

Different types of social products often have different entry points for the relationship chain.

Cut in with a strong relationshipWechat, which everyone is very familiar with, is a social product based on strong acquaintances, not only WeChat, but also most IM products such as WeChat and QQ. The key to acquaintances’ socialization lies in whether they can successfully transfer the offline relationship chain of users to online, thus making the communication between acquaintances more convenient. Once the relationship chain is successfully migrated online,The strong relationship between acquaintances is itself a very powerful moat for acquaintances’ social products.In my opinion, this is why it is difficult for new acquaintance social products such as Duoshan to shake the dominance of WeChat in the social field of acquaintances.

At present, there are still new social products coming into the market, such as soda and other products that I brushed recently when I brushed Tik Tok. Most of them areCut in from the perspective of weak relationshipSocial networking products for strangers. At present, the more successful social products for strangers in the market include Momo based on LBS, soul with three views matching as the selling point, Hertz with the main voice socialization, Douban with interest dimension, Post Bar and so on.Weak relationship is the starting point of strong relationship. Compared with strong relationship, the establishment cost and migration cost of weak relationship are much lower.This is why it is difficult for a monopoly giant like WeChat to appear in the field of strangers’ social interaction, and why there are always new products coming into the track of strangers’ social interaction.

butDue to the low credibility of weak relationships, most social products of strangers have to improve their credibility through various channels to realize the core value of the products.For example, social products with heavy value such as Momo and exploration will require users to authenticate with real people, while soul, which focuses on soul socialization, provides users with psychological test questions.

The strength of all relationship chains may fluctuate with time. For the same relationship, such as partnership, the feelings of couples who stay together every day may continue to heat up, and couples who have been separated from each other for a long time may become unfamiliar. The fluctuation of relationship strength is inseparable from the interaction between them.

Interaction is also the core element of social products.

Interaction refers to the process of interdependent behavior between individuals, groups and groups in society through language or other means to spread information.It takes two hands to clap, and one person can’t interact.

Users who establish relationships can interact, and the interaction between users in turn affects the stability and strength of the relationship chain. The key is thatInteractive mode, intensity, frequency and value..

Taking the common Internet social products as an example, in most products,Common interactive behaviors include chatting, liking, commenting and forwarding.And different interaction modes correspond to different interaction intensities. For example, the interactive intensity of comments is greater than that of likes. And the same is chat, the interactive intensity of video chat is generally greater than that of text chat.Under normal circumstances, the greater the intensity of interactive behavior, the easier it is to enhance the closeness of the relationship between users.

For the same kind of interaction, the higher the interaction frequency, the closer the general relationship. But this is not absolute, because whether user interaction is effective or not, there is also a very important key point, that is, the value of interaction.

There are a thousand cups of wine for every bosom friend, and more than half a sentence for lovers. In our daily life, we may encounter such a situation. For example, at work, some colleagues have worked with you for a long time, and you are still familiar strangers after work for a long time, while some people have become friends through a few supper after work, even though they have not known each other for a long time.The reason for this difference lies in the difference of interactive value.The communication with old colleagues may stop at work. These exchanges are conducive to the smooth development of work, but they can’t make you know each other better. However, chatting in different places during the string talks makes you have a basic understanding of each other’s hobbies and values, thus becoming friends.

Interaction is the key to the generation and change of the relationship chain between users, but a good interaction can’t happen out of thin air.When posting a comment, there must always be someone to comment on and chat with others. The key is to talk about what won’t lead to embarrassing chat.The key auxiliary information is the content.

Content is auxiliary information to help users interact, which refers to the information that users disclose to others.In the early days of the Internet, limited by the network technology and network speed, the content display among users was mainly in words, resulting in pure text social products such as BBS, blogs and IM tools. With the maturity of the processing technology of pictures and audio and video, various types of content such as pictures, audio and video began to participate in social activities in a richer form.

For any social product, the content supply chain is basically composed of three main links: content production, content distribution and content consumption, and how to optimize the content supply chain is particularly important for all social products.

To guide users to output valuable content, we can refer to the concept of value proposition in economics and encourage users to output content with internal or external value, which can be in the form of spatial dynamics, photo wall and so on.For products with sliding pairs such as tinder or Explore, they encourage users to upload more personal photos and update more real personal information, which belongs to the content produced by users. Of course, how to recommend suitable users to each other is what tinder and explorers need to consider in the content distribution. For products such as Tik Tok, Yikan and Weibo, which focus more on content socialization, besides personal data, they will try their best to let users publish more dynamic content, such as providing them with tools for editing pictures and videos, lowering the threshold for dynamic publishing, and providing material or spiritual incentives for high-quality content, thus encouraging users to produce content. With sufficient content sources, content distribution has become a top priority. For example, Tik Tok is famous in the Internet circle for its extremely powerful content recommendation algorithm.

Of course, we can’t be anticlimactic. On the consumption side of content, how to help users consume content better and encourage users to interact with content producers based on content is the key ending to complete the whole social closed loop.

In subsequent articles, I will further discuss the content supply chain, so I won’t expand it here for the time being.

This is the end of the article, hoping to play a role in attracting jade.

Aaron, WeChat official account: In Aaron’s cabin, everyone is a product manager columnist. Head of social products at sea, an internet observer who is keen on sharing.

This article was originally published in everyone is a product manager. Reprinting is prohibited without permission.

The title map comes from Unsplash and is based on CC0 protocol.

CCTV News:At the same time of teaching in space, China Science and Technology Museum organized a unique "second classroom" science popularization activity for space teaching offline.

On the afternoon of October 12th, the theme was "Hello, Miracle Palace! Earth! The "Second Classroom" popular science activity of space teaching was held in China Science and Technology Museum. Yang Liwei, the first astronaut in China, and experts in aerospace, physics, biology and other fields led young people to feel the great difference between heaven and earth and understand the important scientific significance of China Space Station as a national space laboratory through comparative experiments and multi-dimensional experiences.

China, deputy chief designer of China’s manned spaceflight project, first astronaut Yang Liwei:Space flight itself is a process of exploration. Through some of our work, more children can be involved, which is a very good inspiration for their future growth, especially for entering the society in the future.

The teenagers who participated in the activities watched the live broadcast of space lectures. Astronauts and experts from various fields interacted with the students to answer questions, interpret experimental phenomena and extend knowledge explanation. Various popular science contents planted scientific seeds in the hearts of students.

Student:I especially want to know a lot of new knowledge, because I want to be an astronaut when I grow up.

Student:I want to be a scientist when I grow up.

Qian Yan, Deputy Director of Party Committee Secretary of China Science and Technology Museum:China Science and Technology Museum and Manned Space Office jointly built the Science and Technology Experience Base of Space Station. In the future, relying on such bases, we will continue to lead the national science and technology museums to extensively carry out space science popularization activities and inspire more young people to participate in science popularization activities.

The selection of the fourth batch of preparatory astronauts in China has been started recently. During the activity, Yang Liwei also introduced the relevant details of astronaut selection.

China, deputy chief designer of China’s manned spaceflight project, first astronaut Yang Liwei:At present, we have probably divided some areas, such as some universities and research institutes, including some scientific research institutions and some pilots of the army. With the advancement of our project, more people may participate, which is also an inevitable development of the project.